Which vessel in fetal circ carries the highest amount of oxygenated blood?
Umbilical V –> which then empties into the IVC –> to RA
Microarray
- Similar to southern and northern blot but involved hybridization of many probes at once
- The DNA or cDNA being analyzed is placed on a gene chip with a fluorescent tag.– the degree of fluoresence corresponds with the amount of mRNA expressed in the sample
metoprolol effect on renin
Metoprolol is beta-1 blocker –> cause decr renin (bc blocks beta-1 receptors on JGA cells) –> decr angiotensin –> decr vasoconstriction –> vasodolation
Normal PO2 in alveoli and venous blood
PA O2 = 104
Pulm venous O2 = 70
Pulm venous CO2 = 40
-What type of impairment going on here
Diffusion impairment = when large gradient bw PO2 of alveolus and capillary, with slightly smaller gradient w/ CO2 (bc CO2 has less effect bc incr diffusion capacity)
What type of HSN is PSGN
type III
(IC-Ab/Ag complexes)
- 7 y.o m
- red urine
- recent skin infection
- periorbital and pitting edema
- incr Cr
Diag?
PSGN
- recent skin or throat infection (2-4 weeks ago)
- resolves spontaneously
- periph and periorbital edema
- cola-colored urine
- HTN
- (+) strep titers
- Type III HSN
Nephritis syndrome = inflammatory, hematuria, RBC casts, azotemia, oliguria, HTN, hypercellular inflammed glom
- 64 yo f
- Pmhx: 20 yr hx DM, CKD, HTN, dyslipidemia
- PE: heart normal, trace periph edema
What is consequence to bone?
Renal osteodystrophy
CKD –> incr Phos and decr Ca d/t failure hydroxylation vit D from CKD –> stim incr PTH –> Ca2+ mobilization from bone
Nephritic syndrome with linear IF
Goodpastures (rapidly progressive/crescentic GN)
-Anti-GBM Abs
- ankle swelling, HTN, B/L pitting edema
- Urinalysis: 2+ proteinuria, RBC count 75-100/hpf
nephritic or nephrotic
Nephritic = inflammatory
- hematuria (incr RBC in urine)
- azotemia
- HTN
- mild/mod proteinuria (2+)
An observer expecting treatment groups to show signs of recovery is more likely to document positive outcomes
- which type of bias is this?
Observer bias
=resarchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment (AKA Pygmalion effect)
-can prevent this by using a double blind clinical trial
Researchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment
-Which type of bias?
observer bias
-prevented by doing double blind clinical trials
Nonrandom sampling or treatment allocation of subjects such that study pop is not representative of target population
-Which type of bias?
Selection bias
Which systemic mycoses shows a large yeast with a single bud?
Blastomycosis
- single broad-based single budding yeast
- greak lakes, central and east US
- lung disease, skin lesions
What is responsible for that became resistant to chemotherapy
multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR-1) = P-glycoprotein
-this is an ATP-dep efflux pump –actively causes chemo agent to be eliminated
