amines + amides

Question 1

what is an amine

Answer 1

Question 2

draw out what primary, secondary and tertiary amines would look like

Answer 2

Question 3

why can amines accept H+
and in what conditions

Answer 3

it can form a dative covalent bond
in low ph conditions (acidic)

Question 4

what are amines described as and why

Answer 4

bases as they can accept H+
weak base

Question 5

what is the prefix for amines when there is another functional group on the molecule

Answer 5

amino

Question 6

name this molecule

Answer 6

2-aminoethanoic acid

Question 7

suffix for when amine is the only functional group on the molecule

Answer 7

amine
e.g. methyl amine

Question 8

when do you put an N in front of a part of a molecule with an amine

Answer 8

put N in front of the smaller chain

Question 9

what happens when you react a haloalkane and excess ammonia

Answer 9

nucleophilic substitution
forming a primary amine and hydrogen halide

Question 10

what happens when you react a haloalkane and excess primary amine

Answer 10

forms a secondary amine and HCL

Question 11

show the mechanism for a haloalkane and primary amine reaction

Answer 11

Question 12

what are the 3 ways to synthesise amines

Answer 12

Haloalkane + NH3
Haloalkane and primary amine
make nitrile then reduce it

Question 13

what is the best way to synthesise amines

Answer 13

make nitrile then reduce it (add lots pf H’s)

Question 14

what must the conditions and method for synthesising an amine by making a nitrile then reducing it

Answer 14

add haloalkane with on less H than you want
add KCN (spectator K+) in acid
this nitrile reacts with [H]
using hydrogen and nickel catalyst
to form an amine

Question 15

show an example of a mechanism to turn chloroethane into propanyl amine

Answer 15

Question 16

how to turn nitrobenzene into a phenyl amine (and water)

Answer 16

reduce it using [H] and a tin catalyst

Question 16

show the step by step synthesis of aromatic amines

Answer 16

Question 17

how to add a nitrile onto benzene

Answer 17

react with HNO3 and H2SO4

Question 18

why is at least one of the groups coming off the N on amines a carbon chain

Answer 18

if there was 3 H’s then it would be ammonia

Question 19

what are the 2 main reactions of amines

Answer 19

lone pair accepts H+
amines are nucleophile

Question 20

why do both of the reactions of amines occur

Answer 20

because of 1 lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
therefor it attacks as a base

Question 21

show the synthesis of a secondary amine using a primary amine as a nucleophile

Answer 21

Question 21

show the other reaction using amine as a nucleophile

Answer 21

Question 22

how the reaction that occurs when amines are put in low and high pH

Answer 22

switches between amine and amine with hydrogen on it

Question 23

put these molecules in order from most to least basic

Answer 23

Question 24

how to identify chiral centres

Answer 24

finding carbon atoms bonded to four different atoms or groups

Question 25

define optical isomers

Answer 25

non-superimposable images of the same molecule

Question 26

define chiral centres

Answer 26

central carbon with 4 different groups attached to it

Question 27

what are the hacks to find chiral centres

Answer 27

there can be multiple on one molcule often found at junctions in amino acids

Question 28

define enantiomers

Answer 28

separates isomers known as R or S R and S are the 2 superimposable image software the same molecule

Question 29

what is an alpha amino acid

Answer 29

1 carbon between carboxylic acid and amine group

Question 30

what is a beta amino acid

Answer 30

2 carbons between carboxylic acid and amine group (won't be given any qs on beta amino acids

Question 31

name this molecule

Answer 31

2-amino-butanoic acid

Question 32

name this molecule

Answer 32

4 - methyl - amine pentanoic acid

Question 32

name this molecule

Answer 32

2 - amine, 4 - hydroxy butanoic acid

Question 33

name this molecule

Answer 33

2,5 - diamino pentanoic acid

Question 34

what happens to carboxylic acids in low and high pH's

Answer 34

Question 35

what happens to amine acids in high and low pH's

Answer 35

Question 35

why are amino acids solid at room temp

Answer 35

bc they are ionic

Question 36

what is the isoelectric point on amino acids

Answer 36

pH at which an amino acid exists primarily as a zwitterion

Question 37

show what a switterion would look like

Answer 37

Question 38

what is the structure of an amide

Answer 38

Question 39

what are the 2 ways to form amides

Answer 39

forming from ammonia and acyl chlorides condensation of peptides

Question 40

what is the mechanism for forming amides from ammonia and acyl chlorides

Answer 40

Question 41

show how the condensation of peptides (amino acids) forms amides

Answer 41

Question 41

draw a primary, secondary and tertiary amide

Answer 41

Question 42

what occurs when you hydrolyse amides

Answer 42

use water for reaction (opposite of condensation reaction)

Question 43

what do you use to hydrolyse amides

Answer 43

NaOH that is aqueous

Question 44

advantage sir using stereoisomers in the synthesis of drugs

Answer 44

fewer side effects reduces cost to produce increases pharmacological effectiveness