Anatomy

Question 1

what are the 3 types of anatomical planes in which a body can be split into?

Answer 1

Question 2

what does superior and inferior mean anatomically?

Answer 2

• superior: closer to the head
• inferior: closer to the feet

Question 3

what does medial and lateral mean anatomically?

Answer 3

• medial: closer to the midline of the body
• lateral: further away from the midline of the body

Question 4

what does anterior and posterior mean anatomically?

Answer 4

• anterior: towards the front of the body
• posterior: towards the back of the body

Question 5

what does proximal and distal mean anatomically?

Answer 5

Question 5

what does proximal and distal mean anatomically?

Answer 5

Question 6

what does superficial and deep mean anatomically?

Answer 6

• superficial: closer to the skin/surface of body
• deep: deeper into the body

Question 7

what are the 3 main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 7

• Provides support for soft tissues
• Protects our internal organs (eg. skull, ribcage, pelvis)
• Aids body movements (just over 200 bones, many of which interact to form movable joints)

Question 8

what are the 4 main types of joints in the body?

Answer 8

• Bony joints: the bones are connected by bone (eg. the 3 bones of the pelvis)
• Fibrous joints: the bones are connected by fibres (eg. the bones of the skull)
• Cartilaginous: the bones are connected by cartilage
• Synovial joints: most complex type of joint…

Question 9

describe synovial joints…

Answer 9

• the smooth articular surfaces of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage
• the hyaline cartilage is a smooth form of cartilage that helps reduce friction between the bones
• a joint capsule surrounds the joint and usually contains supportive ligaments
• inside, the joint capsule is lined by the synovial membrane
• synovial membrane is vascularised (blood flow) and is important channel for nutrients and also debris removal regarding tissue healing
• inside synovial membrane there is synovial fluid (secreted by synovial membrane) that’s essential to nourish and protect the joint (lubricates hyaline cartilage)

Question 10

synovial joint diagram…

Answer 10

Question 11

the 6 types of synovial joints…

Answer 11

Question 12

what is muscle?

Answer 12

• muscle is a tissue that’s able to generate movement by either contracting or relaxing

Question 13

hwo do muscles work to move a joint?

Answer 13

• to have an action, a muscle must have at least 2 attachments
• to have an action at a joint, a muscle needs to attach on either side of the joint
• we need at least one muscle for every possible movement at a joint
• how a muscle crosses a joint will determine which action it has at the joint
• muscles can only cause movement by contracting (not lengthen)

Question 14

how is the nervous system divided? (2 systems)

Answer 14

• Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: everything else
• (autonomic is CNS / efferent)
• (somatic is sensory / afferent)

Question 15

what are the somatic and autonomous nervous system?

Answer 15

• Somatic nervous system: voluntary control of the body
• Autonomic nervous system: regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate or digestion

Question 16

describe some features of arteries…

Answer 16

• arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
• therefore they have thick walls, with muscle and elastic fibres to support them

Question 17

describe some features of veins…

Answer 17

• veins carry blood to the heart at low pressure
• the walls are relatively thin, contain valves that ensure blood only travels in one direction

Question 18

what does supine and prone mean?

Answer 18

• supine: facing upwards
• prone: facing downwards

Question 19

inversion and eversion of foot…

Answer 19

Question 20

Bones of the leg…

Answer 20

Question 21

Where can you feel the posterior tibial artery?

Answer 21

• the artery passes posterior to the medial malleolus

Question 22

Bony landmarks of the pelvis (foramen, fossa, spine, tuberosity/tubercle/trochanter)…

Answer 22

• Foramen = a hole in a bone
• Fossa = a shallow depression or crater
• Spine = a sharp, raised region
• Tuberosity/tubercle/trochanter = a raised bump for the attachment of muscles or ligaments

Question 23

Describe the difference between the functions of tendons and ligaments

Answer 23

• Ligaments join bone to bone
• Ligaments maintain joint stability by providing a stop point, or prevent a movement
• A tendon is attached to the end of muscle fibres at one end and bone at the other
• A tendon allows movement whereas a ligament is designed to prevent it
• Tendons transmit muscle power generated by contraction to the bones to allow movement to occur

Question 24

Embryology - stages of development (overview)

Answer 24

Question 25

Describe the development of the bilaminar germ disc (week 2)...

Answer 25

- note: primary villi and lacunae form primitive umbilical cord as embryo cannot get enough nutrients etc. from just diffusion anymore

Question 26

Describe what gastrulation is and when the 3 germ cell layers are formed.

Answer 26

Question 27

Describe what each of the 3 germ cell layers develop into.

Answer 27

Question 28

Describe the development of the neural tube and the development of somites.

Answer 28

- body cavity (flat disc) folds to form tubes (neural tube is formed here) - neurulation is the formation of the central nervous system - somites are part of the paraxial mesoderm - somites ultimately give rise to the axial skeleton

Question 29

Diagram of the formation of somites.

Answer 29

- good video on somite formation: https://youtu.be/9N-q7z2Zz4s

Question 30

Describe what the lateral plate mesoderm forms.

Answer 30

Question 31

Describe bone formation.

Answer 31

Question 32

Diagram of bone development and epiphyseal plates...

Answer 32

Question 33

Describe the formation of the axial skeleton.

Answer 33

Question 34

Embryology, development of the skull...

Answer 34

Question 35

Describe the process of limb develpoment.

Answer 35

- mesenchymal cells are in the limb buds - FGF = fibroblast growth factor (present at distal ends of limb buds to allow growth) - good video: https://youtu.be/VpbdqGJ9LWk

Question 36

Limb development: in which way do the upper and lower limbs rotate after being formed?

Answer 36

Question 37

What is the role of a sesamoid bone and give an example.

Answer 37

- sesamoid bones attach tendons to each other - eg. patella

Question 38

Peripheral nerves and roots...

Answer 38

- yellow: femoral nerve (splits into saphenous nerve which supplies medial aspect of leg) - blue: obturator nerve (passes through obturator foramen) - red: sciatic nerve (splits into red tibial nerve and green common peroneal nerve) - (note: tibial nerve further splits into sural nerve which only has sensory function of leg apart from medial aspect)

Question 39

Muscles of the anterior thigh (muscles, function, attachments of sartorius, nerve supply)...

Answer 39

- femoral triangle: sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament (femoral triangle contains femoral vein, artery, and nerve) - sartorius attachments: ASIS and tibia - role of muscles is hip flexion and knee flexion (apart from sartorius which is hip flexion and knee flexion as it crosses over the thigh) - nerve supply: femoral nerve

Question 40

Where does the quadriceps tendon attach?

Answer 40

- tibial tuberosity

Question 41

Muscles of the medial thigh (muscles, function, nerve supply)...

Answer 41

- adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus (largest) - role: adduction - nerve supply: obturator nerve

Question 42

Muscles of the anterior leg (muscles, function, nerve supply)...

Answer 42

- role: ankle extension (dorsiflexion) and inversion of foot - nerve supply: deep peroneal (or fibular) nerve - extensor hallucis longus: great toe extension - tibialis anterior: ankle dorsiflexion and inversion of foot - extensor digitorum longus: extends digits

Question 43

Muscles of the lateral leg (fibularis muscles) (role, nerve supply)...

Answer 43

- role: ankle eversion - nerve supply: superficial peroneal (or fibular) nerve

Question 44

What does plexus mean?

Answer 44

- plexus = network of nerves (allows multiple nerve roots to supply a section of the body)

Question 45

Gluteal muscles (nerve supplies, roles)...

Answer 45

- gluteus maximus: inferior gluteal nerve, hip extension - gluteus minimus: superior gluteal nerve - note: all supplied by lumbosacral plexus but individually supplied by different nerves

Question 46

Muscles of the posterior thigh (hamstrings) (role, nerve supply, innervations)...

Answer 46

- all innervate from ischial tuberosity - nerve supply: sciatic nerve

Question 47

Muscles of the posterior leg (nerve supply)...

Answer 47

- nerve supply: tibial nerve

Question 48

The hip joint...

Answer 48

- ball and socket joint - synovial joint (has a joint capsule that contains synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid which nourishes and protects the joint) - blood supply to femoral head: retinacular vessels - weight-bearing joint, therefore sacrifices mobility for stability

Question 49

What are the 6 movements which both the hip and shoulder (ball and socket) joints can do?

Answer 49

- flexion, extension - abduction, adduction - lateral rotation, medial rotation

Question 50

What 3 bones make up the innominate bone of the hip?

Answer 50

- ilium, ischium, pubic bone

Question 51

Knee joint...

Answer 51

- ACL attachments: lateral femoral condyle to tibia - PCL attachments: medial femoral condyle to tibia - primary role of patella: knee extension (increases leverage of quadriceps tendon for knee extension)

Question 52

Ankle joint and foot...

Answer 52

- most commonly injured ligament: anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) - deltoid ligament complex: medial aspect of ankle

Question 53

Brachial plexus...

Answer 53

- brachial plexus is C5 to T1 - there are 8 cervical nerves but 7 cervical vertebra - the brachial plexus innervates the upper limb (from CNS to upper limb)

Question 54

Shoulder bones...

Answer 54

Question 55

Rotator cuff muscles...

Answer 55