Anatomy

Question 1

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 1

1. Cortical
2. Medullary (Spongy, Trabecular, Coarse cancellous)

Question 2

What are the three areas of the bone?

Answer 2

• Epiphysis - bone plate to growth plate
• Metaphysis - Growth plate to diaphysis
• Diaphysis - body/shaft of bone

Question 3

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 3

Bone replaces cartilage

Question 4

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 4

Bone tissue supplants membranous/fibrous tissue laid down by the periosteum

Question 5

What are the three types of marrow?

Answer 5

• Red - hematopoietic tissue
• Yellow - fat tissue
• Gray/white - Deficiency in hematoopoietic elements - always pathologic in nongrowing adult bone or areas distant from growth plate in a child

Question 6

Describe the path and interaction b/w Haversian and Volksman canals

Answer 6

Haversian travel parallel to the long bone and Volksman travel perpendicular to the long bone. The Volkmann canals allow for interaction b/w adjacent Haversian canals

Question 7

What surrounds the bone?

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

What are the two major components of bone?

Answer 8

1. Mineralized matrix - Hydroxyapatite
2. Organic matrix - primarily Type I collage

Question 9

What are the 4 cells types in bone?

Answer 9

1. Osteoprogenitor
2. Osteoblast
3. Osteocyte
4. Osteoclast

Question 10

Briefly describe the process of mineralization

Answer 10

Deposition of osteoid followed by mineralization

Question 11

What ultimately controls the activation/maturation/differentiation of the osteoclast?

Answer 11

Osteoblast

Question 12

What cells respond to mechanical forces and are regulators of bone remodeling?

Answer 12

Osteocytes

Question 13

What are the exclusive bone resorptive cells?

Answer 13

Osteoclasts

Question 14

In what space do osteoclasts reside?

Answer 14

Howship lacunae

Question 15

What inhibits absorption by the osteoclasts?

Answer 15

Any bone that is lined by osteoid or unmineralized cartilage

Question 16

What is the bone-remodeling unit?

Answer 16

Functional coupling of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Question 17

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Answer 17

Lammellar and woven (either may be mineralized or unmineralized)

Question 18

What is the name of unmineralized bone?

Answer 18

Osteoid

Question 19

What type of bone in the adult is abnormal?

Answer 19

Anything other than Lamellar bone

Question 20

What is woven bone?

Answer 20

Bone with an irregular arrangement of type I collagen fibers, numerous osteocytes, and variation in osteocyte size and shape

Question 21

What does woven bone presence in an adult indicate?

Answer 21

Reactive tissue has been produced in response to some stress on the bone

Question 22

What are the components of cartilage?

Answer 22

• Type II collagen
• Proteoglycans - made up of glycosaminoglycans
• Hydroxyapatite crystals
• Water

Question 23

Three types of cartilage?

Answer 23

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage

Question 24

Describe the activating factor that is important for chondrocyte maturation.

Answer 24

SOX9 activates chondroblasts to become chondrocytes

Question 25

What transcription factor is present in cartilaginous neoplasms?

Answer 25

SOX9