Dentistry > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 different anatomical positions?

A

•coronal plane |—|
•sagittal plane |
•transverse plane —

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2
Q

What is anterior vs posterior?

A

Anterior: towards the front of the body
Posterior: towards the back of the body

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3
Q

What is inferior vs superior?

A

Inferior: below or towards feet
Superior: above or towards head

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4
Q

What is lateral vs medial?

A

Lateral:away from the midline of the body e.g ears
Medial: towards midline of body e.g nose

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5
Q

What is distal vs proximal?

A

Distal: farther from the point of attachment e.g fingers to elbows
Proximal: closer to the point of attachment

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6
Q

What is deep vs superficial?

A

Deep: farther from the surface, more internal e.g lungs in ribs
Superficial: closer to the surface of the body e.g skin

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7
Q

What is extension vs flexion?

A

Extension: movement increases angle between 2 body parts
Flexion: movement decreases the angle between 2 body parts

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8
Q

What is abduction vs adduction?

A

Abduction:movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction:movement towards the midline of the body

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9
Q

What is depression vs elevation?

A

Depression:downwards movement of body part
Elevation:upwards movement of body part

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10
Q

What is protrusion vs retrusion?

A

Protrusion: movement of body part forwards
Retrusion: movement of body part backwards

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11
Q

What is lateral (external) rotation vs medial (internal) rotation?

A

Lateral rotation: rotation away from midline of body
Medial rotation: rotation towards the midline of the body

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12
Q

What is free gingiva?

A

•Part of gum (gingiva) that is not directly attached to the tooth surface or bone
•forms a tight collar around the tooth but not bound to the tooth forming a sulcus
•healthy=usually pale pink

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13
Q

What is attached gingiva?

A

•part of gum (gingiva) firmly bound to alveolar bone and cementum of teeth
•healthy= usually pale pink but can vary with melanin pigmentation

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14
Q

What is interdental papilla?

A

•part of gum (gingiva) that fills the space between 2 adjacent teeth
•healthy=pink,firm,fills space completely
•inflamed=red, swollen,may recede/lose normal shape

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15
Q

What is mucogingival junction?

A

•defined line where the attached gingiva meets alveolar mucosa (marks boundary between firm,pink,keratinised attached gingiva and softer,redder,non-keratinised alveolar mucosa)

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16
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

•small fold of tissue that connects the inside of the lip to the gum

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17
Q

What is the pterygomandibular raphe?

A

•fibrous band of tissue, forming a ligament like seam connecting the buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

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18
Q

What is the palatoglossal folds?

A

•muscular mucosal folds in the back of your mouth that form the front boundary of the tonsillar region

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19
Q

What is the palatopharyngeal folds?

A

•muscular mucosal folds in the back of the oral cavity, forming the posterior boundary of the tonsillar region

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20
Q

What is the ascending mandibular ramus?

A

•vertical part of the lower jawbone that extends upward from the body of the mandible on each side of the face
•the ramus connects the body of the mandible to the TMJ via 2 projections

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21
Q

What is the uvula?

A

•small, soft, fleshy, cone shaped projection that hangs down from middle of soft palate at back of mouth

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22
Q

What is the palatine tonsil?

A

•pair of oval shaped lymphoid tissues located on either side of the back of your throat, between the palatoglossal/palatopharyngeal folds

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23
Q

What is the parotid papilla?

A

•small, raised bump or opening inside the mouth that marks the exit point of the parotid duct, which drains saliva from the parotid salivary glands (opposite max 2nd molar)

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24
Q

What are the forcdyce spots?

A

•small yellowish spots that appear on the lips/inner cheeks
•produced by ectopic sebaceous glands (oil glands)

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25
What is the incisive papilla? (Hard palate)
•small raised bump of tissue located on the roof of your mouth, behind max central incisors
26
What is the palatal rugae? (Hard palate)
•wavy ridges found on the anterior part of the hard palate, behind the incisive papilla
27
What is the palatal raphe? (Hard palate)
•slightly raised ridge of tissue that runs down the middle of the hard palate, from the incisive papilla to the soft palate
28
What is the palatal torus? (Hard palate)
•bony growth located along the midline of the hard palate (benign overgrowth of bone)
29
What is the lingual frenulum?
•thin band of tissue that connects the underside of your tongue to the floor of the mouth
30
What is the sublingual papillae?
•small raised area of tissue under the tongue on either side of the lingual frenulum •each papilla contains opening of the submandibular duct where saliva enters mouth from the salivary glands
31
What are the sublingual folds?
•elongated ridges of tissue on the floor of the mouth under the tongue, running laterally (to the sides) from the sublingual papillae
32
What is the mandibular spine?
•small sharp bony projection found on the inner (medial) surface of the mandible (lower jawbone) •attachment point for sphenomandibular ligaments that stabilises the TMJ
33
What is the lingual tori?
•bony growths that develop on the inner lingual surface of the mandible. Typically near the area of premolars on both sides of the midline
34
What is the filiform papillae? (Tongue)
•thread like projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue (no tastebuds) •rough surface helps to grip/move food in chewing/swallowing •helps to clean mouth by scarping debris
35
What is the fungiform papillae? (Tongue)
•found on the tongue and have taste buds (tips/sides of tongue) •appear as small red or pink bumps (rich blood supply)
36
What is circumvallate papillae? (Tongue)
•found on the back of the tongue, arranged in a V-shaped row •contains many taste buds/trigger the gag reflex
37
What is the foliate papillae? (Tongue)
•located on the sides of the posterior part of the tongue •seen as a series of vertical folds/ridges •have taste buds
38
What is the lingual tonsil? (Tongue)
•collection of lymphoid tissue located on the posterior part of the dorsal surface of tongue root •detects/fights off pathogens (initiated immune response to infections)
39
What are lingual varicosities?
•enlarged/dilated (blue or purple) veins on the underside of the tongue (common with aging)
40
What type of oral mucosa is the hard palate composed of?
•masticatory mucosa •keratinised stratified squamous epithelium •withstand friction/trauma from chewing (mechanical stress)
41
What type of oral mucosa is the soft palate composed of?
•lining mucosa •non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium •more flexible and mobile
42
What bones contribute to the bony part of the hard palate?
•palatine process of the maxilla (anterior 2/3) •horizontal plate of the palatine bone (posterior 1/3)
43
What are the 3 foramina that are located on each side of the hard palate and which structures pass through them?
1.incisive (behind central incisors): nasopalatine nerve/sphenopalatine artery pass through 2.greater palatine (near posterior edge of hard palate, adjacent to 3rd molar region): greater palatine nerve/artery/vein pass through 3.lesser palatine (posterior to the greater palatine foramen): lesser palatine nerves/artery/veins pass through
44
What is the role of the 3 formalina on each side of the hard palate?
1.incisive: sensory innervation + blood supply to the anterior part of the hard palate/palatal mucosa behind upper incisors 2.greater palatine: sensory innervation to the posterior hard palate/palatal gingiva up to the canines. Blood supply to the palatal mucosa and hard palate 3.lesser palatine: sensory innervation to the soft palate/uvula. Blood supply to the soft palate and surrounding mucosa. May carry parasympathetic fibres to palatal glands
45
What is submucosa and its function?
Submucosa: layer of connective tissue between the mucosa (epithelium+lamina propria) and the underlying bone or muscles •supports the mucosa/allows it to move over underlying structures e.g in soft palate •provide vascular supply •anchors glands that secrete saliva/mucus
46
In which areas of the palate is submucosa present or absent?
Present: •soft palate: gives flexibility/contains mucous glands •hard palate: contains fat/glandular tissue Absent: palatine raphe (mucosa is tightly bound to bone)
47
Give the origin, insertion, action and nerve of the palatopharyngeus (soft palate muscle)
Origin: palatine aponeuorosis Insertion: upper border of the thyroid cartilage + pharyngeal wall Action: pulls pharynx and larynx upwards *Innervated by CN X (vagus nerve)*
48
Give the origin, insertion, action and nerve of the musculus uvulae (soft palate muscle)
Origin: palatine aponeurosis Insertion: uvula Action: shortens and broadens the uvula to help close nasopharynx during swallowing *Innervated by CN X*
49
Give the origin, insertion, action and nerve of the tensor veli palatini (soft palate muscle)
Origin: scaphoid fossa and cartilaginous part of auditory tube Insertion: palatine aponeurosis (its tendon hooks around the pterygoid hamulus and forms palatine aponeurosis across the soft palate) Action: tenses the soft palate, opens auditory tube to equalise air pressure *Innervated by V3*
50
Give the origin, insertion, action and nerve of the levator veli palatini (soft palate muscle)
Origin: petrous part of the temporal bone and cartilaginous part of auditory tube Insertion:palatine aponeurosis Action: elevates the soft palate to close off nasopharynx during swallowing *Innervated by CN X*
51
Give the origin, insertion, action and nerve of the palatoglossus (soft palate muscle)
Origin: palatine aponeurosis Insertion: side of tongue Action: elevates posterior part of the tongue, close off the oral cavity form the oropharynx during swallowing or speech *innervated by CN X*
52
What are the functions of the soft palate?
1.separates nasopharynx/ororpharynx 2.assists swallowing (deglutiton) 3.facilitates proper speech 4.closes the oropharyngeal isthmus 5.equalises middle ear pressure
53
What is the mucosa that covers the muscular sheet of the floor of the mouth?
Lining mucosa (non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium)
54
What is the muscular sheet of the floor of the mouth formed by?
Mylohyoid muscle
55
What type of mucosa covers either sides of the tongue?
Dorsal: specialised (parakeratinised stratified squamous epithelium) Ventral: lining (non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium)
56
What is the sulcus terminalis? (Dorsal surface of tongue)
V-shaped groove on dorsal surface that demarcates the anterior 2/3 from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
57
What is the foramen caecum? (Dorsal surface of tongue)
•A small elevation that lies in the midline (posterior to the sulcus terminalis) •embryological remnant of the developing thyroid gland
58
What are intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
•Intrinsic muscles originate and insert within the tongue itself •they alter the shape of the tongue
59
Give the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue and their role
1.superior longitudinal: elevates tip of tongue/shortens it) 2.inferior longitudinal: depresses tip of tongue/shortens it) 3.transverse: narrows/elongates tongue 4.vertical: flattens/broadens tongue
60
What is the origin, insertion and action of the genioglossus? (Extrinsic muscle of tongue)
Origin: genial tubercles (mental spines) Insertion: tongue Action: protrudes the tongue
61
What is the origin, insertion and action of the hyoglossus? (Extrinsic muscle of tongue)
Origin: hyoid bone Insertion: tongue Action: depresses the tongue
62
What is the origin, insertion and action of the styloglossus? (Extrinsic muscle of tongue)
Origin: styloid process of the temporal bone Insertion: tongue Action: retracts the tongue
63
What is the origin, insertion and action of the palatoglossus? (Extrinsic muscle of tongue)
Origin: palatine aponeurosis Insertion: tongue Action: elevates back part of the tongue
64
What is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
•nerve that transmits both general and taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
65
What is the lingual nerve?
•nerve that transmits the general sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
66
What is the hypoglossal nerve?
•nerve that Innervates motor to muscles muscles of the tongue
67
What is the chorda tympani?
•nerve that transmits the taste sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Dentistry
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