1
Q
What does the idiom ‘a change for the better’ mean?
A
an improvement in a situation
2
Q
What does the idiom ‘a change of heart’ mean?
A
a decision to change one’s opinion or intention
3
Q
What does the idiom ‘ring the changes’ mean?
A
to make changes to add variety (also the unit title)
4
Q
What does the idiom ‘out of the blue’ mean?
A
unexpectedly; without warning
5
Q
What does the idiom ‘fall into place’ mean?
A
events happen to produce the situation you want
6
Q
What does the idiom ‘go downhill’ mean?
A
gradually become worse
7
Q
What does the idiom ‘on the cards’ mean?
A
likely to happen
8
Q
What does the idiom ‘the rest is history’ mean?
A
what happened next is well known
9
Q
What does the idiom ‘a turning point’ mean?
A
a moment when an important change occurs
10
Q
What does the idiom ‘hit a run of bad luck’ mean?
A
experience a series of misfortunes
11
Q
What does the idiom ‘knock someone sideways’ mean?
A
shock or surprise someone greatly
12
Q
What does the idiom ‘in a rut’ mean?
A
stuck in a boring routine with no progress
13
Q
What does the phrasal verb ‘break up’ mean (in a relationship context)?
A
end a romantic relationship
14
Q
What does the phrasal verb ‘catch up with’ mean?
A
reach the same level as someone; find someone after searching
15
Q
What does ‘cheer (sb) up’ mean?
A
make someone feel happier
16
Q
What does ‘come up with’ mean?
A
think of or produce an idea or plan
17
Q
What does ‘cut back on’ mean?
A
reduce the amount of something
18
Q
What does ‘end up’ mean?
A
finally be in a situation or place
19
Q
What does ‘get in with’ mean?
A
become a member of a group
20
Q
What does ‘hang around’ mean?
A
spend time in a place without a clear purpose
21
Q
What does ‘help (sb) out’ mean?
A
give assistance to someone
22
Q
What does ‘jump at’ mean?
A
eagerly accept an opportunity
23
Q
What does ‘pay off (debts)’ mean?
A
finish repaying money owed
24
Q
What does ‘run out’ mean?
A
have no more of something
25
What does 'settle in' mean?
become comfortable in a new place
26
What does 'take on (staff)' mean?
employ new workers
27
What does 'track (sb) down' mean?
find someone after a long search
28
What does 'turn up' mean?
arrive; appear; be found
29
Which tense do you use for a completed past action with a SPECIFIC past time (yesterday, last year, ago)?
Past Simple (e.g. I went there last year)
30
Which tense do you use for a past action with a CURRENT result (no specific time given)?
Present Perfect Simple (e.g. I have lost my keys)
31
Which tense do you use for an ongoing action from the past that still continues, using 'since' or 'for'?
Present Perfect Continuous (e.g. I have been learning English for 5 years)
32
Which tense do you use for an action before another past action?
Past Perfect Simple (e.g. She had left before I arrived)
33
Which tense do you use for an action that will be completed before a specific future point?
Future Perfect Simple (e.g. By May I will have finished my exams)
34
Which tense do you use for a very long action up to a future point?
Future Perfect Continuous (e.g. By Saturday he will have been painting for 3 weeks)
35
Fix the error: 'Three years ago I have been to Germany.'
Three years ago I WENT to Germany. (specific past time = past simple)
36
Fix the error: 'Tourism is a word that is being used for the last 50 years.'
Tourism is a word that HAS BEEN USED for the last 50 years.
37
Fix the error: 'In England last year I was able to appreciate things I have never seen.'
... things I HAD NEVER SEEN in my entire life. (before another past action)
38
Fix the error: 'The noise levels have been measured the other day.'
The noise levels WERE MEASURED the other day. (specific past time)
39
Present Perfect vs Past Simple: 'A month ago I ___ (get) a letter from Neil.'
got (a month ago = specific past time)
40
Present Perfect vs Past Simple: 'Julie ___ (be) anxious since she heard about your accident.'
has been (since = duration to now)
41
Present Perfect vs Past Simple: 'If you ___ (finish), put your hand up.'
have finished (present relevance)
42
Present Perfect vs Past Simple: 'My parents ___ (send) me to private school until I was 12.'
sent (until I was 12 = closed period)
43
Which future form is used for a spontaneous decision or offer?
will + infinitive (e.g. I'll help you!)
44
Which future form is used for a pre-planned intention?
be going to + infinitive (e.g. I'm going to study medicine)
45
Which future form is used for fixed arrangements already booked/organised?
Present Continuous (e.g. She's getting her visa next week)
46
Which future form is used for timetabled events?
Present Simple (e.g. The plane leaves at 16:00)
47
Which future form is used for an action in progress at a specific future point?
will be + -ing (e.g. What will you be doing at 8 pm?)
48
Which future form describes an abandoned past plan?
was/were going to (e.g. I was going to call you but forgot)
49
What does 'be about to' express?
very near future - informal (e.g. I'm about to make coffee)
50
What does 'be on the brink/verge of' express?
very near future - formal (e.g. The government is on the brink of collapse)
51
What does 'be bound to' express?
strong certainty about the future (e.g. She is bound to pass)
52
What does 'be likely to' express?
probability (e.g. He is likely to arrive on time)
53
What suffix do you add to 'commerce' to make it an adjective?
commercial (drop e, add -ial)
54
What suffix do you add to 'create' to make it an adjective?
creative (drop e, add -ive)
55
What is the adjective form of 'technology'?
technological
56
What is the adjective form of 'ambition'?
ambitious (-ous suffix)
57
What negative prefix makes 'replaceable' negative?
irreplaceable (ir-)
58
What is the noun form of 'consume'?
consumption (-tion suffix)
59
What is the adjective form of 'domestic'?
domesticity (noun) / domestic (adjective as-is)
60
Word formation: CONSUME → a noun meaning 'the act of using something'
consumption
61
Word formation: APPROVE → a noun meaning 'the feeling of not agreeing'
disapproval
62
Word formation: OCCUPY → a plural noun meaning 'people who occupy a place'
occupants
63
Word formation: REPLACE → an adjective meaning 'impossible to replace'
irreplaceable
64
Word formation: FORTUNE → a noun meaning 'bad luck'
misfortune
65
Word formation: STRONG → a past participle meaning 'made stronger'
strengthened
66
Word formation: INNOVATE → a plural noun meaning 'people who innovate'
innovators
67
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'approximately / about' (used for amounts)?
in the region of
68
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'instead of / representing someone'?
on behalf of
69
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'partly / in some ways'?
to some extent
70
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'together with'?
in conjunction with
71
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'because of'?
on the grounds (of/that)
72
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'without success'?
in vain
73
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'very close to a (bad) event - formal'?
on the brink of / on the verge of
74
What is the prepositional phrase meaning 'not including / except for'?
with the exception of
75
What collocation means 'travels often' (NOT recurrent)?
frequent traveller
76
What collocation means 'experienced traveller who has travelled a lot'?
seasoned traveller
77
What collocation means 'fearless, adventurous traveller'?
intrepid traveller
78
What collocation means 'has high standards, appreciates quality'?
discerning traveller
79
What collocation means 'reads about travel but doesn't actually go'?
armchair traveller
80
What collocation means 'can never stop travelling - habitual'?
inveterate traveller
81
What collocation means 'not cautious; easily taken advantage of'?
unwary traveller
82
What collocation means 'tired from travelling'?
weary traveller
83
What does 'get off the beaten track' mean?
go somewhere not commonly visited
84
What does 'rough it' mean?
live without comfort
85
What does 'get by on a shoestring budget' mean?
manage with very little money
86
What does 'be in the lap of luxury' mean?
enjoy great comfort and wealth
87
What does 'be a culture vulture' mean?
be very interested in arts and culture
88
What does 'live up to expectations' mean?
be as good as expected
89
What does the verb 'elbow' mean in idiom 'elbow people aside'?
push people out of the way using your elbow
90
What does the phrase 'face the music' mean?
accept the unpleasant consequences of one's actions
91
What does the phrase 'foot the bill' mean?
pay the bill; be responsible for the cost
92
What does the phrase 'shoulder the burden' mean?
take on a heavy responsibility
93
What does the phrase 'stomach the idea' mean?
tolerate or accept something unpleasant
94
What does the phrase 'toe the line' mean?
follow the rules/policies, even if you disagree
95
What does 'pal' mean? Give a synonym.
buddy / friend
96
What does 'fierce' mean? Give a synonym.
intense
97
What does 'delight' mean in context? Give a synonym.
amusement
98
What does 'distinctive' mean? Give a synonym.
different / standing out
99
What does 'evade' mean? Give a synonym.
avoid
100
What does 'notable' mean? Give a synonym.
renowned / famous
101
What does 'titillation' mean? Give a synonym.
excitement
102
What does 'quest' mean? Give a synonym.
mission
103
What does 'alter' mean? Give a synonym.
change
104
What does 'devoted' mean? Give a synonym.
loyal / dedicated
105
What does the expression 'come a long way' mean?
developed, progressed, or become very successful
106
What does 'in the prime of one's life' mean?
in the best, most successful, most productive stage
107
What does 'by the bucketload' mean?
a large amount of something
108
What does 'illustrious history' mean?
highly distinguished; renowned; famous
109
What does 'capture one's heart' mean?
make someone start to love you
110
What does 'here to stay' mean (in context of gaming)?
stopped being unusual and has become generally accepted
111
What is a 'neurological trap' in gaming context?
a negative outcome of heavy gaming where the screen feels like it's staring right back into your brain
112
What is 'reward circuitry' in the brain?
specific brain systems that games hijack to give players a motivating 'chemical high five'
113
What is 'baseline activity' in the brain?
the brain's natural resting level of function; lower levels in teens can increase gaming addiction risk
114
What does 'weaponizing' mean in the gaming context?
when game mechanics use intense stimulation to deliberately exploit biological vulnerabilities
115
What is 'spatial navigation'?
the cognitive skill used to understand and move through environments; can be improved by gaming
116
What is 'pattern separation'?
the brain's ability to clearly distinguish between two very similar memories
117
What is 'schadenfreude'?
experiencing malicious joy or pleasure from witnessing someone else's misfortune
118
What are 'neural pathways'?
connections in the brain that can be fired and strengthened by rehearsing actions
119
What is 'intentionality' in gaming?
deliberate practice of weighing the pros and cons of gaming and being honest about why you are playing
120
What does 'grudge' (n) mean?
a feeling of anger or upset at what someone has done to you in the past
121
What does 'stipulate' (v) mean?
make it clear how something must be done or what needs to be done
122
What does 'convene' (v) mean?
for two or more people to come together for an activity or formal meeting
123
What does 'dispossess' (v) mean?
take away someone's property, land, or house
124
What does 'inundate' (v) mean?
create so many things that it is difficult to keep track of all of them
125
What does 'vendetta' (n) mean?
murder someone in return for murders they or their group have committed in the past
126
What does 'morph' (v) mean?
change from one thing to another
127
What does 'relitigate' (v) mean?
argue about if something was true or exactly right again and again
128
What does 'cognitive' (adj) mean (from Revenge & Forgiveness article)?
connected to mentally processing information
129
What does 'burden' (n) mean (from article)?
something which causes difficulty or unhappiness, often involving hard work
130
What does 'collectivist' (adj) mean?
connected with a social system where needs of the group come before the individual
131
What does 'resentment' (n) mean?
a feeling of unhappiness or anger about a situation seen as unfair
132
What does 'profess' (v) mean?
openly say that you feel something is true, sometimes when it is not
133
What does 'reconciliation' (n) mean?
the process of ending a disagreement between two or more people or groups
134
What does 'mocktail' mean?
a non-alcoholic version of a cocktail
135
What does 'bourbon' mean?
a type of American whisky made with corn and rye
136
What does 'shun' (v) mean?
avoid somebody/something
137
What does 'impending' (adj) mean?
(usually of something unpleasant) going to happen very soon
138
What does 'distillery' (n) mean?
a factory where strong alcoholic drinks such as whisky are made
139
What does 'stigma' (n) mean?
negative feelings that people have about particular circumstances or characteristics
140
What does 'abstain' (v) mean?
decide not to do or have something you like, for moral, religious, or health reasons
141
What does 'abstinence' (n) mean?
the practice of not allowing yourself something (food, alcohol, sex) for moral/religious/health reasons
142
What does 'craving' (n) mean?
a strong desire for something
143
What does 'flagship' (n) mean?
the most important product, service, or building an organisation owns or produces
144
What does 'sommelier' (n) mean?
a person who works in a restaurant helping customers choose wine
145
What does 'lightweight' (n) mean (about drinking)?
a person who becomes drunk after consuming relatively small amounts of alcohol
146
What does 'knock back' (phr. v) mean?
drink something quickly, especially alcohol
147
What does 'nurse (a drink)' mean?
hold a drink for a long time, drinking it slowly
148
What does 'teetotaler' (n) mean?
a person who never drinks alcohol
149
What does 'sober' (adj) mean?
not having drunk alcohol, or not affected by alcohol
150
What does 'tipsy' (adj) mean?
slightly drunk
151
What does 'averse' (adj) mean?
opposed to something
152
What does 'grimy' (adj) mean?
dirty
153
What does 'sedentary' (adj) mean?
(of work or activities) involving a lot of time sitting down
154
What does 'crutch' (n) mean in the Harry passage?
a person or thing that gives help but makes you too dependent on them
155
What does 'behemoth' (n) mean?
a very large and powerful organisation, company, or object
156
What does 'acquisition' (n) mean (business)?
when one company buys another company or asset
157
What does 'fleet' (n) mean (in Amazon context)?
a group of vehicles, ships, or machines
158
What does 'manipulating' (v) mean (Amazon context)?
controlling or handling something skillfully
159
What does 'outsource' (v) mean?
delegate work or services to another company or country to save costs
160
What does 'pursue' (v) mean (career context)?
follow or chase a goal with effort and dedication
161
What does 'vertical integration' mean?
when a company owns multiple parts of its supply chain
162
What does 'deploying' (v) mean (technology)?
putting into action; rolling out across systems
163
What does 'prototype' (n) mean?
an early model of something used to test functionality
164
What does 'empowering' (adj/v) mean?
giving someone confidence, authority, or power
165
What does 'stifled' (v) mean?
suppressed; prevented from developing
166
What does 'fundamentally' (adv) mean?
in a basic or essential way
167
What does 'domain' (n) mean?
a specific area of knowledge, activity, or control
168
What does 'upskilling' (n) mean?
the process of learning new skills or training to improve abilities
169
What does 'relentless' (adj) mean?
continuing without giving up or becoming weaker
170
What does 'pursuit' (n) mean?
the act of trying to achieve a goal with effort and dedication
171
What does 'mentality' (n) mean?
a particular way of thinking; mindset
172
What does 'bogged down' (phr. v) mean?
prevented from making progress due to overwhelming details or difficulties
173
What does 'bureaucracy' (n) mean?
a system of administration marked by official procedures, often slow and overly complex
174
What does 'flywheel' (n) mean (metaphorically)?
a self-sustaining cycle of growth or momentum
175
What does 'not worth the hassle' mean?
not worth the effort or trouble involved
176
What does 'in hindsight' mean?
looking back on a past event with knowledge you now have
177
What does 'boils down to' mean?
the most important factor or aspect is...
178
What does 'overshadow any gains' mean?
make the benefits seem less important
179
What does 'tip the balance in one's favour' mean?
give someone an advantage in a competitive situation
180
What does 'hit-and-miss' mean?
sometimes successful, sometimes not; inconsistent
181
What does 'clear-cut' mean?
obvious, definite, easy to understand
182
What does 'come with a few caveats' mean?
have some conditions or warnings attached
183
What does 'peers' (n) mean?
individuals of the same age, status, or group (classmates, colleagues)
184
What does 'atomized' (adj) mean?
divided or fragmented into isolated parts; lacking cohesion or unity
185
What does 'fosters' (v) mean?
promotes, nurtures or encourages the growth of something
186
What does 'come on leaps and bounds' mean?
makes significant progress or improvements very quickly
187
What does 'speaks volumes' mean?
conveys a great deal of information, often without words
188
What does 'mastery' (n) mean?
complete control or skill in a particular subject or activity
189
What does 'delve into' (phr. v) mean?
investigate or research deeply into a specific topic
190
What does 'honed' (v) mean?
sharpened or refined, often about skills or abilities
191
What does 'leap of faith' mean?
a decision or action based on trust without clear evidence
192
What does 'get down to brass tacks' mean?
focus on the most essential or practical aspects of a situation
193
What does 'imperative' (adj) mean?
extremely important or necessary; crucial
194
What does 'spikes' (n) mean (education context)?
sudden increases or rises
195
What does 'benchmark' (n) mean?
a standard or point of reference for measuring quality or achievement
196
What does 'impetus' (n) mean?
the force or energy that makes something happen or brings about change
197
What does 'stagnated' (v) mean?
stopped developing or making progress; became inactive
198
What does 'autonomously' (adv) mean?
acting independently or with self-governance
199
What does 'acute' (adj) mean?
very serious or severe; having a sharp or intense quality
200
What does 'meagre' (adj) mean?
lacking in quantity or quality; inadequate or sparse
201
What does 'hybrid' (adj) mean?
a combination or mixture of different elements
202
What does 'trickled down' (phr. v) mean?
passed down gradually, from a higher to a lower level
203
What does 'drudgery' (n) mean?
monotonous, repetitive, and unpleasant work
204
What does 'qualms' (n) mean?
feelings of doubt, hesitation, uneasiness about one's conduct
205
What does 'prodigious' (adj) mean?
remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree
206
What does 'bourgeoisie' (n) mean?
the middle class, often with reference to materialistic/conventional values
207
What does 'volte-face' (n) mean?
an abrupt and complete reversal of attitude, opinion, or position
208
What does 'corporal' (adj) mean?
related to the body (as in corporal punishment)
209
What does 'secular' (adj) mean?
not religious or sacred
210
What does 'echelons' (n) mean?
levels or ranks in an organisation, profession, or society
211
What molecule causes alcohol intoxication?
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
212
Why does alcohol affect women differently than men of the same weight?
Women have more body fat, less body water, and less alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme, leading to higher blood alcohol concentrations
213
What does GABA do in the brain, and how does alcohol affect it?
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter; alcohol increases GABA activity, causing sedation and relaxation
214
What does glutamate do in the brain, and how does alcohol affect it?
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter; alcohol suppresses it, slowing brain activity
215
Which brain area gets a dopamine spike when you drink alcohol?
The nucleus accumbens (part of the reward/mesolimbic pathway)
216
What are endorphins and what role do they play with alcohol?
Endorphins bind to opioid receptors and produce feelings of pleasure; alcohol triggers their release
217
How does the liver break down alcohol in Phase 1?
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts ethanol to acetaldehyde
218
How does the liver break down alcohol in Phase 2?
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) converts acetaldehyde into acetate, which is then broken down harmlessly
219
What happens to the brain chemically when someone drinks regularly?
It down-regulates GABA receptors and up-regulates glutamate receptors, creating tolerance and dependence
220
What are the behavioral effects when the brain adapts to regular alcohol use?
Anxiety, irritability, depression, insomnia, and cognitive impairment when not drinking
221
What is 'aficionado' (vocabulary tip from video games worksheet)?
a person who likes, knows about and appreciates a particular interest or activity
222
What is a 'loner' (vocabulary tip from video games worksheet)?
a person who is often alone and avoids the company of others
PJATK
flashcards
Decks in class (28)
# Cards
