WDZ_2

Question 1

A situation requiring a choice between multiple options

Answer 1

• Decision Problem

Question 2

A conscious choice among identified options

Answer 2

• Decision

Question 3

• Types of Decisions:
  o Based on Conditions:
   Certainty: Outcomes are known.
   Risk: Probabilities can be assigned to outcomes.
   Uncertainty: Probabilities are unknown.
  o Based on Weight:
   Strategic: Long-term, high-level decisions.
   Operational: Short-term, day-to-day decisions.

Question 4

 Certainty: Outcomes are known.
 Risk: Probabilities can be assigned to outcomes.
 Uncertainty: Probabilities are unknown.

Answer 4

o Based on Conditions:

Question 5

 Strategic: Long-term, high-level decisions.
 Operational: Short-term, day-to-day decisions.

Answer 5

o Based on Weight:

Question 6

A framework for analyzing strategic interactions between decision-makers.

Answer 6

• Game Theory

Question 7

Decision-making in situations where outcomes depend on uncontrollable factors (e.g., weather, market conditions).

Answer 7

• Games Against Nature

Question 8

A table showing the potential outcomes for different decisions and states of nature.

Answer 8

• Payoff Matrix

Question 9

A visual tool to represent decision-making processes and outcomes.

Answer 9

• Decision Tree

Question 10

beauty of nature

Answer 10

o Universal

Question 11

appreciation for different musical styles

Answer 11

o Cultural

Question 12

styles and trends within groups

Answer 12

o Social

Question 13

individual preferences

Answer 13

Personal

Question 14

Focuses on definitions

Answer 14

o Philosophy

Question 15

Focuses on profit and market equilibrium

Answer 15

o Economics

Question 16

Focuses on customer satisfaction

Answer 16

o Marketing

Question 17

Focuses on engineering and manufacturing

Answer 17

o Operations Management

Question 18

is a method for implementing quality across an organization. It’s considered the foundation for many modern quality management approaches. The term “total quality” was first used in 1969. TQM emphasizes customer satisfaction and employee involvement in quality improvement.

Answer 18

TQM (Total Quality Management)

Question 19

that considers customer needs, community expectations, and organizational goals. Aims to achieve efficiency and cost-effectiveness by maximizing employee potential for continuous improvement.

Answer 19

A management philosophy

Question 20

• Helps identify potential causes of a problem.
• Useful for brainstorming and organizing ideas.
• Also called the fishbone diagram due to its skeletal structure.
• Steps to create a _______:
  o Define the problem.
  o Brainstorm major categories of causes (using 5M+E tool).
  o Identify specific causes within each category.
  o Ask “why” to delve deeper into root causes.

Answer 20

Cause-and-Effect Diagram

Question 21

A tool to categorize potential causes of a problem:
o Manpower - Skills and behaviors of employees.
o Machine - Equipment used in production or service delivery.
o Method - Processes for production or service delivery.
o Material - Raw materials and components used.
o Measurement - Inspection and data collection methods.
o Environment - External factors beyond control.

Answer 21

5M+E - Characteristics

Question 22

• Skills and behaviors of employees.

Answer 22

o Manpower

Question 23

Equipment used in production or service delivery.

Answer 23

o Machine

Question 24

Processes for production or service delivery.

Answer 24

o Method

Question 25

Raw materials and components used.

Answer 25

o Material

Question 26

Inspection and data collection methods.

Answer 26

o Measurement

Question 27

External factors beyond control

Answer 27

Environment

Question 28

1. Histogram or stem-and-leaf plot 2. Pareto chart 3. Couse-and-effect diagram 4. Flow chart 5. Scatter diagram 6. Control chart

Answer 28

Six Major Tools

Question 29

is a Japanese philosophy focused on continuous improvement. It involves everyone in an organization, from top management to frontline workers. ____ emphasizes small, incremental changes to improve efficiency and quality. It contrasts with the Western focus on innovation, often involving larger, more disruptive changes.

Answer 29

Kaizen

Question 30

* Muda: Any activity that adds no value to a product or service. * Overproduction: Producing more than needed. * Waiting Time: Idle time for customers or employees. * Transportation: Unnecessary movement of materials or products. * Processing: Unnecessary steps in a process. * Motion: Unnecessary movement of people or equipment. * Defects: Errors or mistakes that lead to rework or scrap. * Inventory: Excess stock that ties up resources.

Answer 30

The 7 Wastes

Question 31

Teamwork Self- Discipline Improved Morale Quality Circles Improvement Suggestions

Answer 31

KAIZEN Elimination of Waste 5S framework Standardization

Question 32

Unreasonable burden on people or machines...

Answer 32

Muri

Question 33

Un-level workloads on people or machines...

Answer 33

Mura

Question 34

Any form of Waste in the process...

Answer 34

Muda

Question 35

Producing more than needed.

Answer 35

* Overproduction

Question 36

Idle time for customers or employees.

Answer 36

* Waiting Time

Question 37

Unnecessary movement of materials or products.

Answer 37

* Transportation

Question 38

Unnecessary steps in a process.

Answer 38

Processing

Question 39

Unnecessary movement of people or equipment

Answer 39

* Motion

Question 40

Errors or mistakes that lead to rework or scrap.

Answer 40

* Defects

Question 41

Excess stock that ties up resources

Answer 41

* Inventory

Question 42

is a computer-based system for managing inventory and production planning.

Answer 42

Material Requirements Planning (MRP)

Question 43

* It helps answer three key questions:

Answer 43

o What is needed? o How much is needed? o When is it needed?

Question 44

* MRP uses a _____ to define the structure of a product and its components. The ___ is often visualized as a product structure tree. MRP helps ensure that the right materials are available at the right time to meet production needs.

Answer 44

Bill of Materials (BOM)