anatomy
form, structure, arrangement and gross function of body’s tissue and organs
physiology
the functions of the body and its parts
regional
study of individual regions of the body
systemic
study of systems of the body
microscopic
histology, cytology
transverse plane
perpendicular to the long axis of the body or body part
- cuts into front and back sections
median plane
divides body into equal left and right halves
sagittal plane
parallel to a median plane, but does not need to cut into equal left and right halves
anterior
- towards the head
- also referred to as cranial
- ex. a pig shoulder is located anterior to its hip
posterior
- towards the tail
- also referred to as caudal
- ex. the hip is caudal to the shoulder
dorsal
- towards the backbone or vertebral column
- away from the ground
ventral
- away from the vertebral column
- towards the belly
medial
close or towards the median plane
lateral
- away from the median plane
- towards the side of the standing animal
proximal
towards the body in a limb of an animal
distal
away from the body in a limb of an animal
palmar surface
underside of front paw, extending up to carpus
plantar surface
underside of hind paw, extending up to hock
rostral
referring to anything on the head, rostral will replace cranial
chestnut
inside the limb
ergot
back of the fetlock
why do we castrate beef cattle?
- to stop the production of male hormones
- prevent unplanned mating in the herd
- decrease aggression to enhance on-farm safety for handlers and animals
- decrease cost of managing bulls
