NUTR3210

Question 1

what is nutrition?

Answer 1

the science of…
- food
- nutrients and substances in food
- their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease
- the processes by which an organism: ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, excretes food substances

Question 2

how is the future of nutrition changing?

Answer 2

moving from understanding how to prevent nutrient deficiencies to understanding the effects of over-nutrition

Question 3

what is the goal of nutrition currently?

Answer 3

• to understand the optimal levels of nutrients required for health and well-being
• to focus of precision and personalization of nutrition

Question 4

what is an essential nutrient?

Answer 4

a chemical/substance that is required for metabolism, but that cannot be synthesized or cannot be synthesized rapidly enough to meet the needs of animal or human for one or more physiological function

Question 5

when are nutrients considered essential to the human diet?

Answer 5

1. if removing the nutrient causes a deficiency and decline in health
2. if putting nutrients back into diet corrects problems & health will return

Question 6

what is a nutritional deficiency?

Answer 6

occurs when a person’s nutrient intake consistently falls below the recommended requirement

Question 7

what occurs from a deficiency in iron, flolate, and/or vitamin B12?

Answer 7

anaemia
- not enough red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body
- important at key stages of developments (e.g. pregnancy and infancy)

Question 8

what occurs from a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1)?

Answer 8

beriberi
- defective energy production
- abnormalities in the nervous system

Question 9

what occurs from a vitamin c deficiency?

Answer 9

what occurs from a vitamin c deficiency?

Question 10

what occurs from a vitamin d deficiency?

Answer 10

rickets
- vitamin D is obtained from the diet and made by the body via UV radiation (sunlight)
- defective bone growth

Question 11

how are deficiencies different from nutritional requirements?

Answer 11

helping with deficiencies means preventing diseases, whereas meeting nutritional requirements are for ensuring optimal health

Question 12

what prompted the understanding of nutritional requirements?

Answer 12

World War I and food rations

Question 13

what were the limitations with the first recommendations for nutrients?

Answer 13

limited by age, gender, body size, physical activity were not considered, but are very important

Question 14

how many calories are the Daily Values on nutritional labels based on?

Answer 14

a 2000 Calorie-a-day diet

Question 15

how are Daily Values made?

Answer 15

using Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Question 16

what is DRI

Answer 16

Dietary Reference Intake is an umbrella term that refers to a set of reference values for nutrients

Question 17

what is the issue with basing an individuals diet off of daily values on nutritional labels?

Answer 17

the values provide a guide for the general population, but need some tweaking for individuals based on their gender, age, etc

Question 18

what is EAR

Answer 18

Estimated Average Requirement means that the nutrient level meets the needs of 50% of the population

Question 19

what is RDA

Answer 19

Recommended Dietary Allowance means that the nutrient level meets the needs of around 97% if the population

Question 20

how can RDA be found using EAR?

Answer 20

how can RDA be found using EAR?

Question 21

what is UL

Answer 21

tolerable Upper Limit is the highest level of continuous daily nutrient intake that causes no risk of adverse effects

Question 22

how is adequate intake determined?

Answer 22

• based on the intake of healthy people who are assumed to have an adequate nutritional status
• it is expected to meet or exceed the needs of most individuals

Question 23

when is adequate intake used?

Answer 23

AI is used when sufficient scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR and RDA

Question 24

is there a UL for all nutrients?

Answer 24

no, there is a UL defined for some but not all nutrients

Question 25

what happened in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment in 1994?

Answer 25

36 healthy men where put on a series of diets to essential starve them - 3 month on 3200kcal/day - 6 months on 1800kcal/day - 3 months rehabilitation

Question 26

what were the outcomes of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment?

Answer 26

weight loss, irritability, dizziness, tiredness, hair loss, reduced sex drive these issues did not resolve until around 12 months back on their regular diet

Question 27

what are the 4 characteristics of a nutritious diet?

Answer 27

1. adequate: a diet that provides enough calories, essential nutrients, and fibre to keep you healthy 2. moderate: ensuring you don't consume excessive calories, or eat more of one food/food group than recommended 3. balanced: making sure you eat nutrient-dense foods, rather than nutrient-poor foods 4. varied: eating a wide selection of foods to get necessary nutrients

Question 28

what is the point of Daily Values on nutritional labels?

Answer 28

they are a simplified way for governments to provide consumers with information about the daily requirement for each nutrient

Question 29

what are ways that we use to study nutrition?

Answer 29

- cell culture models (using targeted analysis to understand pathways) - animal models (rodents, pigs, etc) - human studies

Question 30

what is the difference between prospective and retrospective in terms of epidemiological cohort studies?

Answer 30

prospective is working forwards and looking for an result that has not been found retrospective is working backwards, meaning that we know the outcome but we want to know why it's happening

Question 31

what are randomized control trials (RCT)?

Answer 31

trials that count for the random variables that could affect the results

Question 32

what are some challenged with human studies in nutrition?

Answer 32

people have different genetics, lifestyles, cultural habits, and more than can affect how the results turn out

Question 33

what nutrients are classified as organic?

Answer 33

- carbohydrates (& fibre) - lipids - proteins - vitamins

Question 34

which nutrients are classified as inorganic?

Answer 34

- minerals - water

Question 35

what nutrients are classified as macronutrients?

Answer 35

- carbohydrates (& fibre) - lipids - proteins

Question 36

what nutrients are classified as micronutrients?

Answer 36

vitamins & minerals

Question 37

how much body weight is attributed to different nutrient classes?

Answer 37

males: - water (55-65%) - fat (15-20%) - minerals (5-6%) - protein (16-18%) - carbohydrates (around 1%) females: - water (55-65%) - fat (20-30%) - minerals (5-6%) - protein (14-16%) - carbohydrates (around 1%)

Question 38

anabolism

Answer 38

energy in

Question 39

catabolism

Answer 39

energy out

Question 40

what it is intake of water by adult humans per day?

Answer 40

2.7 - 3.7 L /day

Question 41

how much water do we consume from foods?

Answer 41

20%

Question 42

what is the average intake for the macronutrients per day?

Answer 42

carbohydrates: 250-350 g/day fat: 60-80 g/day protein: 50-80 g/day

Question 43

what is the function of water in our bodies?

Answer 43

- a solvent in biochemical reactions - catabolism (hydrolysis) - maintains vascular volume - nutrient transport - temperature regulation

Question 44

what is water toxicity?

Answer 44

when the water intake is much more than the kidney's ability to process

Question 45

how much can the kidney process per hour?

Answer 45

around 0.9 L/h

Question 46

what is hyponatremia?

Answer 46

water/sodium imbalance which can occur from excessive fluid intake, under-replacement of sodium or both. can also occur form avoiding urination

Question 47

what is food analysis?

Answer 47

the development, application and study of analytical methods for characterizing foods and their constituents

Question 48

why is looking at food composition important?

Answer 48

- information about foods, produce foods that are safe and nutritious, allow the consumer to make informed decisions - government regulations maintain quality of foods, ensures food industry makes safe foods with high quality, fair competition between companies, eliminate economic fraud - quality control ensures food composition doesn't change, characterize raw materials

Question 49

does caloric content predict nutrient content in foods?

Answer 49

no, there can be a large difference between nutrient dense and empty calorie foods