MDRS > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

what is Antibiotics

A

any compound (natural or synthetic) that inhibits the growth of, or actively kills micro-organisms

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2
Q

what are the principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

A

Identification of pathogen
–>acid fast stain
Susceptibility testing and resistance
–>put antibodies in bacteria cultures and see which one is the best at eliminating the bacteria

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3
Q

what are the types of antibiotics

A
  1. beta-lactasms
  2. Macrolides
  3. Quinolones
  4. Aminoglycosides
  5. Tetracyclines
  6. Sulfonamides
  7. Glycopeptides
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4
Q

What are 2 types of antibiotics action

A

bacteriocidal: kill bacteria

Bacteriostatic:
inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria, lead to bacteria death

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5
Q

What are the Four common mechanisms of action of antibiotics

A
  1. Interference with cell wall synthesis
  2. Interference with protein synthesis
  3. Interference with DNA replication
  4. Acting as a metabolite to disrupt critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell
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6
Q

characteristic of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A
  • Broad & most commonly used class of antibiotics
  • has a B-lactam ring as the primary structure
  • bactericidal
  • Chemical manipulation of the side chain led to new agents with advanced spectrum of antimicrobial activity
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7
Q

what are some beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • macrolides
  • tetracyclines
  • Carbapenems
  • ->merepenem
  • ->doripenem
  • Monobactams
  • ->Aztreonam
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8
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action of penicillins

A
  1. Penicillins enter the bacteria via the cell wall
  2. Inside the cell they bind to penicillin-binding protein
  3. Once bound, normal cell wall synthesis is disrupted
  4. Result: bacteria cells die from cell lysis

*Penicillins do not kill other cells in the body

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9
Q

What is the indication of Penicillins:?

A

*narrow spectrum

Prevention and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria

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10
Q

What is narrow-spectrum antibiotic

A

effective against only a specific group of bacteria.

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11
Q

What is narrow-spectrum antibiotic

A

effective against only a specific group of bacteria.

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12
Q

Examples of pencillins

A

amoxicillin
ampicillin
cloxicillin
methicillin

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13
Q

how does Antibiotic Resistance work in bacteria

A
  • bacteria secrete beta lactamase

- which therefore breaks down the B-lactam ring inactivating the antibiotic

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14
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus

A

a MRSA because it has beta lactmase

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15
Q

features of Cephalosporins

A
  • Structurally related to penicillin

- bactericidal via inhibiting cell wall synthesis

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16
Q

What is the relationship between generation of Cephalosporins and its effectiveness?

A

increase in generation , less effectie against gram +ve

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17
Q

what are the side effects Cephalosporins

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A
  • hypersensitivity( undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.)
  • headaches, dizziness
  • Nausea & Vomiting
18
Q

What are the 4 generation of Cephalosporins

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A
  1. First-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Wide variety of gram-positive organisms
  2. Second-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms
  3. Third-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Active against most gram-negative organisms
  4. Fourth-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Extended gram-positive and gram-negative coverage
    - ->for the sickest patients
  5. fifth generation
    - ->effective against MRSA
    - ->gram +ve and -ve
    - ->not effective against ESBL
19
Q

What is ESBL

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A
  • EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE are Gram-negative bacteria that produce an enzyme beta-lactamase that has
  • the ability to break down commonly used antibiotics, such as penicillins and
    cephalosporins and render them ineffective for treatment
20
Q

what is the Newest cephalosporin agents

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A

cefepime, 4th generation

Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than third generation, especially against gram-positive bacteria

21
Q

features of macrolides

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A
  • broad spectrum
  • -> cover gram +ve, -ve , atypical

*bacteriostatic

22
Q

What are the side effect of macrolides

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A

Upset GI

  • need to take with food
  • ->otherwise nausea, vomiting, dizziness and cramps
23
Q

what are some macrolides drugs?

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A
  • erythromycin
  • azithromycin
  • clarithromycin
24
Q

What is the MOA of macrolides

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A

Prevent protein synthesis within bacterial cells

–>cell dies eventually

25
What is the indication of macrolides
``` Strep infections (gram +ve) --> Streptococcus pyogenes ``` Mild to moderate URI (gram -ve) --> Haemophilus influenzae
26
what is the characteristics of tetracycline
Bacteriostatic -->inhibit protein synthesis and cell growth broad spectrum drug Natural, semisynthetic
27
indication of tetracycline
``` Gram-negative, gram-positive protozoa Mycoplasma Rickettsia Chlamydia syphilis Lyme disease ```
28
What is the side effect of tetracycline
N, V & D binds to ca2 and mg2 - ->don’t use with milk, - ->kids (yellow stained teeth), -->pregnancy ( stops fetal bone growth)
29
what are some tetracyclines drugs
oxytetracycline | minocycline
30
features of Aminoglycosides
Bactericidal -->prevents protein synthesis Broad spectrum -->mostly gram-negative; some gram-positive * deal with Systemic infections(sepsis) Potent antibiotics with serious toxicities
31
What are the toxcities comes with Aminoglycosides
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
32
What is the indication of Aminoglycosides
- kill gram-negative bacteria | - used in combination with other antibiotics (beta lactams) for synergistic effect
33
What are some example of Aminoglycosides drug
neomycin gentamicin streptomycin (TB) tobramycin (CF)
34
features of Quinolones
bactericidial broad spectrum - gram-negative organisms and some gram-positive organisms
35
what is the MOA of quinolones
-->alters DNA of bacteria
36
what is the side effect of Quinolones
n, v & d prolongation of q-t interval liver & kidney toxicity arthropathy
37
What is some drugs of Quinolones
``` ciprofloxacin norfloxacin ofloxacin levofloxacin gatifloxacin ```
38
features of Sulfonamides:
Bacteriostatic action | -->Prevent synthesis of folic acid
39
indication of Sulfonamides
Treatment of Urinary Tract infections --> caused by Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp (gram-ve) Staphylococcus aureus(gram -ve) -->Treatment of prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia --> Upper respiratory tract infections
40
features of vancoymic
Natural, bactericidal antibiotic **treat MRSA and gram +ve infection
41
what is 1 down side of vancoymic
may cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity monitor blood levels to ensure therapeutic levels and prevent toxicity
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