cold and flu

Question 1

what are the steps of viral replication

Answer 1

1: Attachment: the virus attach itself to its host cell
2: Penetration: the virus or its genetic information penetrates the cell.

3: Uncoating: the nucleic acid is uncoated which frees the DNA or RNA from its capsomeresor lipid envelope and permits the host cell to read out ( express ) the genetic functions of the virus.
4: Translation: At this stage in the life cycle if many viruses, only a portion of the viral genetic information is expressed, resulting in the synthesis of only the subset of viral-encoded proteins collectively called the early viral gene functions ( proteins )
5. Replication: The viral nucleic acid is then synthesized to produce hundreds or thousands of copies of viral chromosome.

5 B: Replication: At this time, a second subset of the viral genetic information, commonly termed the late proteins, is expressed. These are the structural proteins including the capsomeres of the virus

Step 6: Assembly: The capsomeresare assembled to form a new shell around the nucleic acid of the virus.

Step 7: The mature virus having duplicated its new copies, is released from the infected cell to attack a new cell and repeat this process.

Question 2

what is viruses

Answer 2

• intracellular parasite cannot replicate on their own
• recruit the host cell to replicate viral DNA and new cell contain the virus
• or recruit the cell to replicate viral RNA where the cell creates viruses that are released through budding and the cell lyses

Question 3

what are the s & s of viral infection

Answer 3

• fever,
• headache
• cough
• malaise
• myalgia
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• insomnia
• photophobia

*WBC count remains normal

Question 4

what is antigenic drift

Answer 4

• a genetic change (mutation of a gene for the anitbody binding sites) of the virus that is minimal
• the effect of genetic change is managable
  e. g. small variation in the protein of influenza virus: hemagglutinin & neuraminidase

Question 5

what is antigenic shift

Answer 5

• a process where 2 or more different strains of virus combine to form a new subtype of the original virus

–> the result of the combination is a REASSORTMENT of a gene segment that code for the surface protein

–>occurs only in influenza A (as it affects more than just human)

Question 6

signs and symptoms of adenovirus

Answer 6

• ->asymptomatic
  1. fever>39 degree for >5 days, especially in pediatrics
• ->sore throat, cough, rhinorrhea may occur
  2. may cause conjunctivits, pharygitis

Question 7

what is the treatment of adenovirus

Answer 7

supportive

Question 8

What is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

Answer 8

pneumovirus

• ubiquitious: all infant/child infect by age 4
• doesn’t confer immunity
• Cause lower respiratory tract infection in baby

Question 9

what is the S & S of RSV?

Answer 9

• brochioloitis

- pneumonia

Question 10

what is the treatment of RSV

Answer 10

supportive
-o2, hydration, rest
maybe use ribavirin

Question 11

what is Common Cold

Answer 11

50% caused by one of >100 rhinoviruses

–>common in the fall and spring…less common in the winter

Question 12

what is the sign and symptoms of common cold

Answer 12

• sore throat
• sneeze
• rhinorrhea
• malaise
• nasal obstruction
• Latent infection: takes 24-72 hours to develop

Question 13

how does common cold spread

Answer 13

Direct contact via

• -> droplet
• ->aerosolized liquids

Question 14

what are the Treatment of common cold?

Answer 14

-Decongestant
•Antihistamine (1stgeneration)
•Antipyretic
•Analgesic
•Anticholinergic

Question 15

What is the Sequale of common cold

Answer 15

1. body immune system resolves the infection

or

2. Bacterial infection
   - ->sinusitus
3. pneumonia
4. otitis media

Question 16

what is influenza

Answer 16

viral respiratory infection

Question 17

what is the epidemiology of influenza

Answer 17

Widespread in fall and winter months
Influenza virus A, B, C
Viruses usually sequential but may be simultaneous

Question 18

what are some exmaple of influenza

Answer 18

H5N1 avian flu

H1N1 swine flu

Question 19

what are the types of influenza

Answer 19

Influenza A

• Most common viral serotype
• May cause severe disease

Influenza B

• Produces mild disease
• cause moderate –severe disease

Influenza C
- Rarely causes infection

Question 20

How is influenza spread?

Answer 20

1. Droplet
2. Direct contact
3. Contaminated items
   - ->Virus can live on surfaces for 2 –48 hours, some longer

Question 21

what is the S&S of influenza

Answer 21

• affect upper respiratory tract
• malaise
• Nasal congestion.
• Sore throat
• Aching muscles
• Chills and sweats
• cough

Question 22

how to diagnosis influenza

Answer 22

• nasal swab
• blood test
• allergy test

Question 23

what are the treatment for influenza

Answer 23

medication

• Antiviral medications (for severe infection and those at risk for serious complication)
• Antipyretic
• Analgesic
• decongestent

supportive treatment

Question 24

what are some antivirals

Answer 24

inhibit viral replication

• zanamivir(Relenza®)
• oseltamivir(Tamiflu®)

Question 25

what are the Side Effects/Contraindications of antivirals

Answer 25

- GI | - Relenza : exacerbate asthma, COPD

Question 26

what is epidemic

Answer 26

occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people.

Question 27

what is pandemic

Answer 27

a global disease outbreak. Influenza pandemics have occurred more than once. e. g. - ->spanish influenza - ->Asian influenza - ->Hong Kong influenza

Question 28

what are the sequale of influenza?

Answer 28

usual outcome | -->resolved

Question 29

What are the possible complication of influenza

Answer 29

- Decreased lung function and ventilation for weeks - Pneumonia - Respiratory failure

Question 30

Who should NOT get the flu vaccine or contraindication to flu vaccine?

Answer 30

- Infants under six months of age - Anyone with a serious allergy (anaphylaxis) to eggs or egg products - Anyone who is acutely ill with a fever should usually wait until the fever goes down before being vaccinated. - Anyone who has developed Guillain-Barre within 6 to 8 weeks of a previous influenza vaccination.