Biology > AP Bio Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

AP Bio Unit 2 Test Flashcards

Cell Communication (81 cards)

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1
Q

Ligand

A

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma membrane protein

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2
Q

What is a G protein coupled receptor?

A

A specific type of membrane receptor protein

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3
Q

How does a G protein coupled receptors work? Structure/function

A
  • group of membrane receptors in eukaryotes; 1/3-1/2 of all marketed drugs act by binding to GPCRs
    -single polypeptide that is folded into a globular shape and embedded in a cell’s plasma membrane(Seven segments)
  • interact with G proteins in the plasma membrane
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4
Q

What is a protein phosphatase

A

enzyme that removes a phosphate group from the phosphorylated amino acid residue of its substrate protein ( how the process is reversible- started by protein kinases)

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5
Q

What is a protein kinase

A

enzyme that selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation)

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6
Q

What is cAMP

A

a second messenger(like CA+), or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes (used for intracellular transduction)– BIND TO G PROTEINS IN CELL

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7
Q

What do second messengers do?

A

Relay message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the function of the second messenger 1P3

A

Bind to and open ligand gated channels

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9
Q

What is a ligand gated ion channel and how does it work?

A

transmembrane channel protein that uses a ligand (like a neurotransmitter) to let ions through

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10
Q

G-protein pathways are involved in many…..

A

human medicines for diseases

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11
Q

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

A

an enzyme cascade

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12
Q

What does a protein kinase do?

A

transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins

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13
Q

What does a protein phosphatase do?

A

Removes phosphates

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14
Q

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

A

when enzymes called kinases phosphorylate a series of molecules, or get a phosphate group added to them, which they can use in cellular processes (reversible)

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15
Q

Do plant cells communicate using hormones?

A

yes

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16
Q

What converts cAMP to AMP

A

phophodiesterase

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17
Q

Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?

A

hormone

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18
Q

4 basic types of cell signaling

A
  1. direct contact
  2. paracrine
  3. autocrine
  4. endocrine
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19
Q

paracrine signaling =

A

NEARBY affects target cells close to the cell from which it was secreted

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20
Q

endocrine =

A

DISTANT messenger system when hormones are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs

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21
Q

autocrine =

A

ME MYSELF AND I when a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell

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22
Q

Simple nerve reflexes use signaling molecules called

A

neurotransmitters

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23
Q

In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

A

the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor, the receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade, and the phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade.

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24
Q

Cell signaling involves converting extracellular signals to specific responses inside the target cell. How does a cell initially respond to a signal.

A

The cell experiences a change in receptor conformation

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25
What do plant cells have for cell to cell communication
plasmodesmata
26
Turgor pressure
the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
27
Turgid
something that's swollen, typically by fluids
28
Flaccid
not firm or stiff, limp
29
Lyse
Break, implode
30
Plasmolysis
Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution
31
What is a bacteria cells' cell wall made out of?
Peptidoglycan
32
Why do plant cells need mitochondria?
To break down the sugars they stored for energy
33
How do prokaryote cells do cellular respiration?
In the cytoplasm; (Basically a mitochondria without the double membrane)
34
Cytosal
cytosol is a crowded solution of many different types of molecules that occupy up to 30% of the cytoplasmic volume
35
Aerobic
Needs/Uses oxygen to survive/metabolic processes
36
Anaerobic
Cannot survive/does not need oxygen to survive/metabolic processes
37
Autophage
system that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism allowing for the recycling of cellular components
38
3 Shapes of bacteria
Cocci (Spherical), Bacilli (rod shaped), Spirilla (spiral)
39
Archaeas cell walls lack ---- but have ----- and -----
peptidoglycan, polysaccharides and phospholipids
40
Gram (+) bacteria
bacteria have simple walls made of think layer of peptidoglycan
41
Gram (-) bacteria
have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbs and lipids); - lipid portions could be toxic --> fever/shock - more resistant to antibodies bc of membrane
42
Capsule
gelatinous secretion that protects/adheres and masks against immune system
43
Endospores, what are they, how they form, and how are they an adaptation?
-Resistant spores in bacteria that form when they lack water/nutrients - Cell makes a copy of chromosome and surrounds it with multilayered structure, cell lyses and releases endospore
44
Fimbriae vs pili
Hairlike appendages that are shorter and more numerous than pili Pili pull two structures together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other one
45
Taxis
a directed movement toward/away from a stimulus (x chemotaxis)
46
Origin of flagella eukaryote vs prokaryote
analogous structures, exaptation: the process in which structures originally adapted for one function take on a new function through descent with modification (originally proteins that were part of a ancestral secretary system)
47
Biofilms
metabolic cooperation of prokaryote species often occurring in surface colonies
48
halophiles
highly salty environments
49
thermophile
very hot environments
50
methanogens
anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism
51
symbiosis
any close and long term biological interaction between 2 organisms of different species
52
mutualism
association between organism of two different species in which each benefits
53
commensalism
ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed/helped
54
parasitism
when a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host (tuberculosis)
55
pathogen
an infectious microorganism/agent (like a virus, bacteria)
56
endotoxin and exotoxin
exo --> proteins secreted by bacteria/organisms endo --> lipopolysaccharides components of the outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria, released only when the bacteria die and the cell walls break
57
bacterial diseases
Tuberculosis, lyme, cholera
58
A positive use of bacteria
1. use of e coli in gene cloning to make vitamins, antibiotics, hormones, etc
59
amphipathic
Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
60
What kinds of proteins are in the plasma membrane; what kind of shape do they often take?
1. peripheral proteins and integral/transmembrane proteins 2. Alpha helices
61
Purpose of membrane proteins other than transport (4)
1.cytoplasmic breaching proteins connect to the cytoplasm, while on the exterior side, proteins attach to the fibers of the extracellular matrix (give animal cells stronger framework) 2. Enzymatic activity; have an active site where a reactant binds to carry out metabolic pathways 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell-cell recognition
62
Glycolipids v glycoproteins (also how are they made)
1. membrane carbo and lipid that are covalently bonded 2.membrane carb and protein that are covalently bonded 3. synthesized in ER, go to Golgi, and are excreted by a vesicle through exocytosis
63
Carrier proteins vs channel proteins
1. carrier proteins hold onto their passengers and change their shape in a way that shuttles them across the membrane ("confirmation") and can be active or passive transport 2. transported substance does not need to bind, and these proteins only do passive transport
64
What drives diffusion and is it random?
kinetic energy, and yes
65
Concentration gradient is a form of what kind of energy
potential
66
tonicity
the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
67
example of osmoregulation
contractile vacuole; specialized type of vacuole that regulates the quantity of water inside a cell.
68
cytoplasm of a cell has a what charge, so the extracellular fluid must bel why is this?
negative, positive; Because of an unequal ions opposite sides of the membrane naturally
69
electrochemical gradient
(ions diffuse down their concentration gradient and their electrochemical gradient)
70
electrogenic pump
a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
71
cotrasport (and the two types)
coupled movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient with a second molecule going against its concentration gradient 1. Symport : moving in the same direction 2. Antiport : Opposite direction
72
phagocytosis
"cellular eating" engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia; white blood cells and viruses
73
pinocytosis
nonspecific "cellular drinking", a cell creates a vesicle around a droplet of extracellular fluid
74
receptor-mediated endocytosis
when extracellular substances bind to special receptors, ligands, that triggers a vesicle formation
75
how do human cells absorb cholesterol?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
76
coated pits
Coated pits are specialized regions on the plasma membrane that pinch off to create endocytic vesicles
77
peroxisome v lysosomes
kind of like lysosomes but from the ER (not golgi); breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, which produces hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to cells, and thus the peroxisome’s job is to break it down as well (which gives it its name too) lysosomes fuse with secretory vesicles that invaginates into the cell (endocytosis), and breaks down the contents in the vesicle
78
plastids
plastid is the pigmented organelle that is the site of photosynthesis
79
The ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell is
isotonic
80
The ideal osmotic environment for a plant cell
hypotonic
81
Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as aldosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect ONLY target cells because
intracellular receptors are present only in target cells
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