APA Style Guidelines

Question 1

When To Use In-Text Citations

Answer 1

when you include any information that is not an original thought/creation

Question 2

Citation-Worthy Content

Answer 2

Ideas, claims, statistics, data, and more

(if it’s not an original thought, cite it)

Question 3

Why Are In-Text Citations Used?

Answer 3

a) to give credit where credit is due

b) to help the reader locate cited source in the references section

Question 4

General Format of In-Text Citations

Answer 4

1. Parenthetical - used after a statement/end of sentence
2. Imbedded - used when including authors names as part of the statement

Question 5

Imbedded In-Text Citation Format

Answer 5

Format: “Name 1 and Name 2 (year)…”

Example: “According to the research of Smith and Bell (2012)…”

Question 6

Parenthetical In-Text Citation Format

Answer 6

Format: (Name 1 & Name 2, year).

Ex: (Smith & Bell, 2012).

Question 7

When to use “et. al.”

Answer 7

When citing more than two authors

Always use “et. al.” combined with the name of the first author

ie: “Murphy et. al. (2012) showed…”

Question 8

Using “and” vs. “&”

Answer 8

• use “and” outside of parentheses (ie: “Murphy and Smith (2012) showed…”)
• use “&” inside parentheses (ie: “(Murphy & Smith, 2012).” )

Question 9

When to use “i.e.,” and “e.g.,”

Answer 9

• use “e.g.,” – when saying “for example…”
• use “i.e.,” – when saying “in other words…”

Question 10

Journal Reference/Citation Format

Answer 10

Format:
* Author(s) name. (Year). Title of article. Name of the Journal, volume(issue), #-#. https://doi.org/xxx

Example:
* “Smith, L. B., & Bell I. A. (2012). The study of happiness. Psychology Journal, 1(a), 12-82. www.nerds.com

Question 11

Book Reference/Citation Format

Answer 11

Format:
* Author’s name. (Copyright Year). Title of the book (7th ed.). Publisher. DOI or URL

Example:
* “Smith, L. B., & Bell I. A. (2022). Studying happiness (3rd ed.). Uchicago press. www.nerds.com