Appetite Regulation

Question 1

• Energy required to sustain tissues
• Directly proportional to body size
• Higher in men due to more muscle

Answer 1

RMR - Resting Metabolic Rate

Question 2

• Energy expended digesting food

- Necessary investment to get calories from food

Answer 2

DIT - Diet Induced Thermogenesis

Question 3

• Ability to compensate for changes in energy balance
• Being purposefully wasteful:
  * Need brown adipose tissue
  * Humans don’t have lots of brown adipose tissue

Answer 3

Adaptive Thermogenesis

Question 4

Macronutrients

Answer 4

• Fuel your body derives energy from
• Protein
• Carbohydrate
• Fat
• Alcohol

Question 5

Carbohydrates into fatty acids

Answer 5

Denovo lipogenesis

Question 6

• Hunger hormone
• Orexigenic - makes you want to eat
• Gradual response to fasting - glucagon/norepinephrine
• Rapid inhibition upon feeding - insulin
• Acylated/deacylated forms
• Initiates feeding

Answer 6

Stomach - Ghrelin

Question 7

Pancreas

Answer 7

• Pancreatic polypeptide
• Amylin
• Insulin

Question 8

• Increases by 500% when eating
• Rapid response - especially protein and fat
• Limits feeding rate/duration of feeding

Answer 8

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 9

Large/Small Intestine

Answer 9

• Peptide Tyrosine/Tyrosine (PYY) - limits refeeding

- GLP-1

Question 10

• Inversely related to fat mass

- Signal to hypothalamus, reduces energy expenditure and increases appetite

Answer 10

Adipose - Adiponectin

Question 11

• Hormone involved in keeping lean
• Positively correlated with adiposity
• Delayed/tonic response
• Makes you feel sated
• Inversely associated with physical activity levels

Answer 11

Leptin

Question 12

Flatt 1995 Model

Answer 12

• Yellow - carbohydrate calories available
  * 1000-2000 calories - not enough
  * Muscle glycogen - 250-500g
  * Liver glycogen - 80-110g
• Red - fat calories
  * 75,000 calories
• Overflow represents ability of denovo lipogenesis
• Fuel used determined by availability of carbohydrates