Btec Applied science - Planning > Applied science basic content > Flashcards

Applied science basic content Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a variable ?

A

something you change or measure

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2
Q

The Independent variable is

A

the thing you can change

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3
Q

the dependent variable is ….

A

the thing you measure

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4
Q

the control variable is ….

A

the things you keep the same

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5
Q

Accuracy is ….

A

how close measurements are to the true value

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6
Q

you can improve accuracy by ……

A

Taking repeat readings and then finding an average

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7
Q

Precise is …

A

how close results are to each other

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8
Q

Repeatable means….

A

you repeat the investigation you get the same result

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9
Q

Reproducible means …

A

someone else repeats the investigation and gets the same result

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10
Q

Reliable means …

A

results are repeatable and reproducible

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11
Q

Validity means ….

A

control variables were controlled

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12
Q

The first part of a hypothesis is

A

the predication

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13
Q

The second part of a hypothesis is ….

A

The scientific Reasoning

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14
Q

What is a null hypothesis ?

A

There is no relationship between the independent and dependent variable

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15
Q

To calculate a mean you

A

add up all the repeats and divide by how many you had

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16
Q

What do the symbols in the formula for standard deviation mean ?

A

sigma symbol is sum of
N- Number of results
x - one of the results
x with a line on top - mean

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17
Q

A large value for standard deviation means ?

A

the results have higher uncertainty and are less precise.

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18
Q

A small value for standard deviation means ?

A

The results have lower uncertainty and are more precise.

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19
Q

An error bar is …

A

standard deviation plotted above and below the bar on a graph

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20
Q

A large error bar means ….

A

The results have higher uncertainty and are less precise

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21
Q

A small error bar means …

A

The results have lower uncertainty and are more precise.

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22
Q

Overlapping error bars mean ?

A

There is no significant difference between the two results

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23
Q

Non Overlapping error bars mean ?

A

There is a significant difference between the two results

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24
Q

What do the symbols in the t test formula represent ?

A

x with a hat - the mean
s - standard deviation
n - number of values

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25
If t is less than the critical value we....
accept the null hypothesis
26
If t is more than the critical value ....
Reject the null hypothesis
27
What do the symbols in the chi squared formula represent ?
O - Observed E - Expected
28
if chi squared is less than the critical value we
accept the null hypothesis
29
if chi squared is less than the critical value are they significantly different ?
No
30
If your independent variable is words you have
Categoric data
31
If your independent variable is words you draw a ?
Draw a bar chart
32
If your independent variable is numbers you have ?
continous data
33
If your independent variable is numbers you draw a ....
Line graph
34
What is resolution ?
The smallest measurement you can make with a piece of equipement
35
How can you calculate uncertainty ?
Resolution/2
36
How do you calculate % Uncertainty
Uncertainty/Measurement x 100
37
What is the format of the results table ?
Circle anomalous results - don't include them in the mean calculation Make sure that all the columns are to the same number of decimal points. Round the mean so it is to the same number of decimal points as the rest of the data.
38
What is an enzyme ?
A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions
39
What are enzymes made of ?
proteins - long chain of amino acids
40
What is the active site of an enzyme ?
The specific part of the enzyme where the substrate attaches
41
What is the Locke and key model for enzymes ?
Theory that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site
42
How does high temperature affect enzymes ?
it increases the rate until the optimum after which the enzyme denatures
43
What does denatured mean ?
The active site changes shape. the substrate no longer fits.
44
What is the optimum temperature and ph. of enzymes
The specific temperature or PH where the enzyme works fastest
45
Practical 1 - Effect on temperature on enzymes
Mix amylase and starch at different temperatures such as 20 , 40, 60 degrees . Add to iodine solution every 30 seconds. Measure time for iodine to stop turning blue to black
46
Practical 2 - Effect of Ph on enzymes ?
Use the same method as temperature but keep temperature constant such as 35 degrees Celsius and use buffer solutions to set different PH levels such as 5,7, 9 to find the optimum PH.
47
What is diffusion ?
spreading of particles from high to low concentration
48
Does Diffusion require energy ?
No it is a passive process
49
How does temperature affect diffusion ?
Higher temperature = faster rate , particles have more kinetic energy
50
How does surface area affect diffusion ?
Large surface area = faster rate
51
How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion ?
Steeper gradient - bigger difference = faster rate
52
What is osmosis ?
Osmosis is diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane
53
Practical 1 , surface area using Agar cubes -
Cut agar cubes dyed with indicator into different sizes such as 1cm, 2cm and 3cm . Place in hydrochloric acid and measure time for the acid to diffuse to the centre - colour change
54
What is an ecosystem ?
The interaction of a community of organisms with their environment
55
What are biotic factors of an ecosystem ?
Living factors such as predators, food and pathogens
56
What are abiotic factors of an ecosystem ?
Non living factors like light, temperature, moisture and wind
57
How does aspect of direction affect plants ?
South facing slopes in north hemisphere get more light and warmth , increasing photosynthesis and growth
58
How does aspect- direction affect moss/lichen ?
North facing or shaded areas are cooler and damper which promotes moss and lichen growth
59
What is a quadrat ?
A square frame used to sample plant abundance in an area.
60
What is a transect ?
A line used to investigate how distribution changes across a habitat.
61
Practical 1 : Transect line of distribution
Lay a tape measure across a gradient under a tree to open field. Place a quadrat every 2m. Measure light intensity and count plates to see how abiotic factors affect distribution
62
Practical 2 , Random sampling - Abundance
Split a field into a grid. Use a random number generator to pick coordinates. Place Quadrats at these points to estimate the total population of a species such as dasies in the field.
63
What is a fuel ?
A substance that releases energy when burned
64
What factors affect energy release in food ?
The proportion of fat vs carbohydrate and the water content
65
Which food group has the most energy ?
Fats or lipids have more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.
66
Why does fat have more energy ?
It has more carbon - Hydrogen bonds
67
What is the equation for energy released ? (Q)
Q = mc triangle Mass of water x 4.2 x temperature change
68
How do you calculate energy per gram ?
Total Energy Q / Mass of food /fuel burned
69
What is the main source of error for food /fuels ?
Heat loss to the surrounding through air or a beaker
70
How to reduce heat loss ?
Use a draft shield, a lid on a beaker or copper calorimeter
71
What is incomplete combustion ?
Burning with limited oxygen , producing Carbon Monoxide (CO) and soot.
72
Practical 1 - Energy in Food
Weigh a food sample such as a crisp or nut . Burn it under a boiling tube of water. Measure the temperature rise of the water. Reweight the ash/food to find the mass used. Calculate energy per gram
73
Practical 2 - Comparing Alcohols
Burn different liquid fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol to heat water. Keep water volume and distance constant. Compare which alcohol releases the most energy per gram.
74
What is potential difference (V) ?
Energy transferred per unit charge ( voltage )
75
What is current (I) ?
Rate of flow of electrical charge
76
What is resistance (R) ?
Opposition to current flow
77
What is a variable Resistor ?
A component where you can manually change the resistance ( dimmer switch or volume knob)
78
Why use a variable resistor in circuits ?
To change the current flowing through the circuit without changing the power supply
79
How does variable resistors work in the I- V practical ?
You adjust the variable resistor to get different readings of current and voltage for your graph
80
What is an LDR ?
Light Dependent Resistor . Resistance decreases as light intensity increases
81
What is a Thermistor ?
Temperature dependent resistor. Resistance decreases as temperature increases.
82
Factors affecting wire resistance ?
1. Length , longer the wire the higher resistance 2. Thickness , thicker the wire the lower resistance 3. Material 4. Temperature
83
Practical 1 - Resistance of a wire
Connect a wire to a power pack . Measure voltage and current for different lengths. Calculate resistance and plot a graph. It should be a straight line through the origin.
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