Approaches

Question 1

Behaviourism (classical conditioning)

Answer 1

PAVLOV

Before conditioning:

• Dogs salivated (UCR) when given food (UCS).
• Bell (NS) produced no response.

During conditioning:

• Bell (NS) presented at same time as food (UCS).
• Food becomes associates with sound of bell.

After conditioning:
- Bell (CS) causes salivation (CR).

Question 2

Behaviourism (operant conditioning) support

Answer 2

SKINNER

• Rats in skinner boxes were rewarded with food pellet when activated lever.
• Continued to perform behaviour; positive reinforcement.
• Were also conditioned to repeat behaviour to avoid electric shocks; negative reinforcement.

Question 3

Social learning theory support

Answer 3

BANDURA

1. • Some children watched clip of adult shouting and hitting doll with hammer, and some watched non-aggressive adult.
   • Children who saw aggressive adult behaved more aggressively towards doll and other toys.
     = observation and imitation
2. • Children watched clip of adult behaving aggressively towards doll.
   • One group saw adult praised, the other told off and the control group saw no consequences.
   • Praised showed most aggression, no consequence second most and told off least.
     = vicarious reinforcement

Question 4

Cognitive approach support

Answer 4

LOFTUS AND PALMER

Procedure:
- Ppts watched films of car crash and asked questions. - In critical leading question ppts asked to describe how fast cars going.
- 5 groups, question had verb
‘contacted’, ‘bumped’, ‘hit,’collided’ or ‘smashed’

Findings: Mean estimate for ‘contacted’ was 31.8mph and for ‘smashed’ was 40.5mph.

• Can distort memory with leading questions.
• Affects schema which affects accuracy of recall.

Question 5

Psychodynamic approach support

Answer 5

LITTLE HANS (case study - Freud)

• Phallic stage
• Developed phobia of horses after seeing one collapse in street.
• Fear of father/castrations displaced onto horses.