Attachment

Question 1

Interactional synchrony support

Answer 1

ISABELLA

• Assessed 30 mothers and infants for interactional synchrony and quality of attachment.
• Correlation found.

Question 2

Role of the father

Answer 2

SCHAFFER AND EMMERSON

• Most formed specific attachment at 7 months and multiple attachments soon after.
• 75% formed attachment to father by 18 months (protested when walked away).

GROSSMAN

• Longitudinal study looking at relationship between parent’s behaviour and quality of attachment.
• Quality of attachment to mothers important in adolescent attachment.
• Quality of father’s play important in adolescent attachment.

FIELD

• Filmed 4-month-old babies with primary care giver mothers or fathers and secondary caregiver fathers.
• Primary care giver fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding.
• Level of responsiveness not gender determining attachment.

FREEMAN AND ALMOND

• Study of 1012 young adults’ perception of fathers as attachment figures.
• Ranked level of support received and sought from different people and provided information on commitment, intimacy and advice.
• 10% considered fathers a principal source of attachment support.

Question 3

Role of the father explanation

Answer 3

OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2014)

• Of families with one parent working it was the father 87% of the time.
• Of families with both parents working, 54% mother part time and 12% father part time.

Question 4

KEY STUDY: Schaffer stages of attachment

Answer 4

SCHAFFER AND EMERSON

Procedure:

• Longitudinal study of 60 babies from skilled working class families in Glasgow.
• Visited every month for the first year and at 18 months.
• Interviewed mother on separation anxiety (rated distress on 3-point scale) and structured observation of stranger anxiety.

Findings:

• 50% separation anxiety from specific attachment between 25 and 32 weeks.
• 80% specific attachment by 40 weeks.
• 30% multiple attachments by 40 weeks.
• Specific attachment to adult most interactive and sensitive to signals.

Question 5

KEY STUDY: Lorenz (animal studies)

Answer 5

LORENZ

Procedure:

• Clutch of goose eggs randomly divided
• Half hatched with mother and half in incubator, where Lorenz was first moving object saw.

Findings:

• Incubator group followed Lorenz, control group followed mother.
• Continued when groups mixed.
• Critical period where imprinting must takes place (few hours in some species).

Question 6

Imprinting against

Answer 6

GUITON

• Imprinted chicks to yellow washing up gloves.
• Learned to prefer mating with chickens.

Question 7

KEY STUDY: Harlow (animal studies)

Answer 7

HARLOW

Procedure:

• Tested importance of contact comfort in development.
• Variety of conditions, some with cloth or wire mother, some with both and some with neither.
• KEY: 16 monkeys reared with 1 wire mother and 1 cloth mother.
• In first condition milk dispensed by wire mother and in other by cloth mother.

Findings:

• Sought comfort from cloth mother when frightened; contact comfort more important than food.
• Clung to cloth mother not dispensing milk for 23.5/24 hours, even when spike.
• Monkeys developed abnormal social behaviour (especially those with only wire mother): more aggressive, unskilled at mating, neglected/attacked young.
• Critical attachment period of 90 days or damage from deprivation inevitable.

Question 8

Learning theory against

Answer 8

LORENZ

Geese imprinted before feeding and maintained attachment regardless.

HARLOW

Preferred cloth mother even when wire mother providing food.

SCHAFFER AND EMERSON

Primary attachment to those most responsive not feeder.

Question 9

Monotropy support

Answer 9

SCHAFFER AND EMERSON

80% had specific attachment by 40 weeks.

Question 10

Monotropy against

Answer 10

SCHAFFER AND EMERSON

Some babies formed multiple attachments at the same time.

Question 11

Internal working model support

Answer 11

BAILEY

• 99 mother with 1yo babies.
• Assessed attachment quality of baby and that of its mother to her own mother using interviews and observations.
• Poor attachment with own mother meant more likely with child.

Question 12

Social releasers support

Answer 12

BRAZELTON

• Still faced experiment
• When mother stopped responding babies used all tools: smiling, cooing, crying and eventually lie motionless.

Question 13

KEY STUDY: Ainsworth’s strange situation (attachment types)

Answer 13

AINSWORTH

Procedure:

• Controlled lab experiment.
• Covert observation through two-way mirror.
• 100 middle class American’s and their children
• Attachment assessed using 5 behaviours.
• 7 3 minute stages after child and caregiver enter playroom.
  1. Encouraged to explore; secure base + proximity seeking.
  2. Stranger enters and interacts: stranger anxiety.
  3. Care giver leaves with stranger: stranger anxiety + separation anxiety.
  4. Care giver returns and stranger leaves: reunion + secure base.
  5. Care giver leaves child alone: separation anxiety.
  6. Stranger returns: stranger anxiety.
  7. Care giver returns: reunion.

Findings:

• Developed 3 attachment types from patterns of behaviour.
• Interviews determined sensitivity determines attachment type.

Question 14

Ainsworth support

Answer 14

BICK

94% agreement between observers on attachment type.

Question 15

KEY STUDY: Ijzendoorn (cultural variations)

Answer 15

IJZENDOORN

Procedure:

• Weighted meta-analysis comparing attachment types within and between cultures.
• 43 strange situation replications in 8 (18 in USA and collectivist cultures underrepresented) countries of 1,990 children.

Findings:

• Secure most common in all countries (varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China).
• All countries had children rated as A, B and C.
• Insecure-resistant rarest overall, except in Japan and Israel.
• Insecure avoidant most common in Germany and least common in Japan.
• Variation 150% greater within cultures than between them (46%-90% secure in USA).

Question 16

Other studies: Simonella (Italy)

Answer 16

SIMONELLA

• 76 12-month-olds.
• 50% secure and 36% insecure avoidant.
• Mother working increasingly long hours.

Question 17

Other studies: Jin (Korea)

Answer 17

JIN

• Secure most common.
• Insecure resistant more common than insecure avoidant (similar to Japan).

Question 18

Maternal deprivation support

Answer 18

BOWLBY

Procedure:

• 44 teens accused of stealing
• Interviewed for affectionless psychopathy (lack of affection, guilt and empathy).
• Families interviewed to determine if deprived.
• Control group of emotionally disturbed non-thieves to assess how often maternal deprivation occurs in non-thieves.

Findings:

• 14/44 thieves psychopaths and of these 12 experienced maternal deprivation in first 2 years.
• Only 2/44 in control group experienced maternal deprivation.

Question 19

Maternal deprivation against

Answer 19

LEWIS

• Repeated thieves study with 500 teens.
• Maternal deprivation didn’t lead to affectionless psychopathy or difficulty causing relationships.

Question 20

Maternal deprivation support

Answer 20

GOLDFORB

Procedure:

• Effect of maternal deprivation on intellectual development.
• 30 children orphaned (WW2), half fostered by 4 months and half in orphanage.

Findings:
- IQ assessed aged 12, fostered = 96 and orphanage = 68 (IDD).

LEVY

Separating baby rats from mother for as little as a day had permanent effects on social development.

Question 21

Critical period against

Answer 21

TWIN BOYS

• Isolated in cupboard from 18 months to 7 years
• Made full recovery after proper care.
• Sensitive not critical period + effects of deprivation not permanent.

Question 22

KEY STUDY: Rutter’s English and Romanian Adoptee study (effects of institutionalisation)

Answer 22

RUTTER

Procedure:

• 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
• Physical, cognitive and emotional development assessed at 4, 6, 11 and 15 years,
• Control group of 52 adopted British children.

Findings:

• Adopted before 6 months IQ at 11 102.
• Adopted between 6 months and 2 years IQ at 11 86.
• Adopted after 2 years IQ at 11 77.
• Differences remained aged 16.
• After 6 moths displayed disinhibited attachment: attention seeking, clingy, indiscriminate social behaviour.

Question 23

KEY STUDY: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (effects of institutionalisation)

Answer 23

ZEANAH

Procedure:

• Assessed 95 children aged 12-31 months.
• Spent an average of 90% of their lives in an institution.
• Carers asked about signs of disinhibited attachment.
• Control group of 50 children never institutionalised.

Findings:

• 19% secure (74% in control group).
• 65% disorganised.
• 44% disinhibited (20% controlled).

Question 24

Internal working model support

Answer 24

BAILEY

• 99 mother with 1yo babies.
• Assessed attachment quality of baby and that of its mother to her own mother using interviews and observations.
• Poor attachment with own mother meant more likely with child.

ZIMMERMAN

No relationship between infant and adolescent attachment types.

Question 25

Relationships in later childhood support

Answer 25

MYRON-WILSON AND SMITH - Assessed attachment type and bulling involvement in 196 children aged 7-11 from London. - Secure unlikely to be involved. - Insecure-avoidant most likely to be victims. - Insecure-resistant most likely to be bullies.

Question 26

Relationships in adulthood support

Answer 26

MCCCARTHY - 40 women assessed for attachment type as infants. - Secure had best, longest and easiest to establish romantic relationships and friendships. - Insecure-avoidant had problems with intimacy in romantic relationships - Insecure resistant had problems with maintaining friendships. HAZAN AND SHAVER Procedure: - 620 replies to 'love quiz' (newspapers) analysed. - Assessed current most important relationship, general love experiences and attachment type. Findings: - Secure most likely to have good and long-lasting relationships. - Insecure-resistant most likely to be jealous and fear intimacy. FRALEY - Meta-analysis of 27 longitudinal strange situation studies (all test-retest data). - Moderate positive correlation between security of infant attachment and in later life: 0.39.

Question 27

Relationships as parents support

Answer 27

BAILEY - 99 mother with 1yo babies. - Assessed attachment quality of baby and that of its mother to her own mother using interviews and observations. - Poor attachment with own mother meant more likely with child. HARLOW Deprived monkeys attacked and occasionally killed their young.