1
Q
action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
A
tillage action
2
Q
desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
A
tillage objective
3
Q
soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on utilitarian and/or economic considerations
A
tillage requirement
4
Q
tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips
A
broadcast tillage/overall tillage
5
Q
primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm
A
deep tillage
6
Q
tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
A
earthmoving
7
Q
tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
A
land forming
8
Q
tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope (leveling, contouring, cutting, and filling)
A
land grading
9
Q
tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface condition
A
land planing
10
Q
tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines
A
oriented tillage
11
Q
tillage operation employing power driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil
A
rotary tillage
12
Q
shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control
A
soil cultivation
13
Q
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
A
tillage
14
Q
tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
A
primary tillage
15
Q
tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create specific soil surface configurations before seeding
A
secondary tillage
16
Q
vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool
A
tillage depth/tool depth
17
Q
system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue
A
conservation tillage
18
Q
system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given geographical area
A
conventional tillage
19
Q
system wherein least soil manipulation is performed
A
minimum tillage
20
Q
system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface
A
mulch tillage
21
Q
idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given conditions
A
optimum tillage
22
Q
subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage
A
precision tillage
23
Q
system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations
A
reduced tillage
24
Q
system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water
A
reservoir tillage
25
system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from year to year in the same location NOTE Seeding is done on the ridge top
ridge tillage
26
system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled
strip tillage
27
tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or artificial mulches
anchoring
28
tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration
bedding/ridging/listing
29
pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
bulldozing
30
tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
chisel plowing
31
Chisel plowing at depths greater than 350 mm
Subsoiling
32
operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil tister, lister planter, or plow planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a field
combined tillage operations
33
operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting. It is commonly used before seeding.
harrowing
34
operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil
Incorporating/mixing
35
operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two previous rows of plants
middlebreaking/hilling up
36
operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants. This is the reverse of middlebreaking or hilling up.
off barring
37
operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion
moldboard plowing
38
operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil manipulation
residue processing
39
deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water movement
subsoiling
40
operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately behind a tillage tool shank
vertical mulching
41
implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and pulverizing the soil
General purpose tillage implement
42
implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow
Plow harrow
43
It has a frame, wheel arrangement and depth adjustment of the disc plow but the disc are assembled on a single shaft and turn as a unit similar to a gang of disc harrow.
Plow harrow (wheel arrangement)
44
implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as row crop cultivator
rotary tiller
45
It consists of power driven shaft, transverse to the direction of travel, equipped with curved knives that slice through the soil, chop surface residue and mix all materials in the disturbed layer.
rotary tiller (shaft)
46
implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate vertically. The two shafts are placed end to end and oriented to throw the soil outward.
spiral plow/rotary plow
47
implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer
primary tillage implement
48
implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials. Multiple rows of staggered curved shanks are mounted either rigidly, with spring cushions, spike, or shovel tools are attached to each shank.
chisel plow
49
implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil. Blades are attached to the frame in a tilted position relative to the frame and to the direction of travel.
disc plow
50
implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials, and pulverizes the soil. It consists of cutting edge, stabilizer and curved surface.
moldboard plow
51
turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow
Right hand plow
52
turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow
Left hand plow
53
eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation. It consists of both the right hand and left hand plows, with one type being used at a time.
Two way plow
54
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers. It is equipped with widely spaced shanks either in line or staggered on a V-shaped frame.
subsoiler
55
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
secondary tillage implement
56
implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and leveling. It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.
comb tooth harrow
57
implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and growth. It consists of two or four gangs of concave steel disc.
disc harrow
58
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end to end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions
Single action disc harrow
59
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction (usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions
Double action disc harrow/tandem disc harrow
60
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor
offset disc harrow
61
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage
field cultivator
62
It is equipped with spring steel shanks or teeth (generally spaced 150 to 230 mm in a staggered pattern) which has an integral forged point or mounting holes for replaceable shovel or sweep tools.
field cultivator (spring steel shanks)
63
implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil. It consists of one or two in line gangs of rollers such as lugged wheels or any one of various shaped ridged wheels.
packer
64
implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the soil surface. It consists of an in line gang of ridged rollers, followed by one or more rows of staggered spring cultivator teeth, followed by a second in line gang of ridged rollers.
Roller harrow
65
implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
rotary hoe
66
implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage. Gangs of shanks are often independently suspended on parallel linkages with depth controlling wheels to provide floatation with the soil surface.
row crop cultivator
67
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil
Spike tooth harrow
68
implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel. The teeth are fastened to cross bars with the other end pointed to give good soil penetration.
Spring tooth harrow
69
implement performing shallow post plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation
cultivating tillage implement
70
implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing
continuous tool bar cultivator
71
implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants
separated gang cultivator
72
soil handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes
bed shaper
73
soil working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut through the soil; rotary tiller blades, anhydrous ammonia blades
blade
74
circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
coulter
75
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar pull
draft
76
operating width excluding overlap
effective operating width
77
effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back or nonsoil working surface of the tool at its immediate edge
edge clearance angle
78
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine element
ground clearance
79
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source
hitch
80
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of the implement
implement width
81
implement used to insert materials into the soil
injector
82
miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash
jointer
83
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel
lateral tool spacing
84
line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
line of travel
85
combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to permit a single listing seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the furrow
lister planter
86
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
longitudinal tool spacing
87
single or groups of soil working tools together with power transmission structure, control, and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine
mechanical tillage implement
88
distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
horizontal clearance
89
distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc
vertical clearance
90
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks the soil that is previously tilled
operating overlap
91
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement performs its intended function
operating width
92
soil and/or plant zone purposely protected, by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive tool movement
protected zone
93
soil tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant adhesion
scouring/shedding
94
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard
shank
95
spade shaped, V pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers
shovel
96
horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion
side force/side draft
97
machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage
soil additive applicator
98
machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil
soil additive incorporator
99
tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers (disc, knife, and runner)
soil opener
100
rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting
soil roller
101
path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
soil sliding path
102
length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides
soil sliding path length
103
angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path
soil ascending angle
104
angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal contour line constructed through the surface of the tool
soil sliding angle
105
configuration of the soil tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface
soil tool geometry
106
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil
soil working surface
107
draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross section
specific draft/unit draft
108
beam upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
standard
109
type of cultivator shovel which is wing shaped
sweep
110
projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
teeth
111
individual soil working element
tillage tool
112
tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to the soil
complex tillage tools
113
tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than along the line of travel
dynamic tillage tools
114
tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or draft and electrical power
multi powered tillage tools
115
tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil
simple tillage tools
116
minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest potentially obstructing implement element
tool clearance
117
maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs its intended function
tool operating width
118
position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the soil surface and the direction of travel. It is specified in side, tilt, and lift angles as a minimum.
orientation, tool
119
angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface
lift angle/rake angle
120
angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel
side angle
121
angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface
tilt angle
122
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides with the operating width of another tool
tool overlap
123
area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool
tool skip area
124
maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion
tool width
125
vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
vertical tool spacing
126
projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. It usually have lift, tilt, and side angles which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and standard
wings
127
scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil
soil abrasion
128
sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels
soil adhesion
129
act of reducing the specific volume of soil
soil compaction
130
separation of a soil mass by a slicing action
soil cutting
131
alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in shearing, compression, or tearing
soil failure
132
lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing
soil heaving
133
soil response to the application of mechanical forces
soil reaction
134
general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces
soil shatter/pulverization
135
sliding of soil across a surface
soil sliding
136
movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the tillage tool
throw
137
foreign materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly influencing the soil condition or environment
additive, soil
138
masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool
adhered soil bodies
139
dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or soil shearing forces; aka hard pan/plow pan/plow soil
compacted layer
140
soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together
concretions
141
thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement
covering depth
142
all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies that have not originated in the soil's development
foreign materials
143
resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the mechanical strength of the soil
mechanical impedance
144
degree of resistance of soil to deformation; aka mechanical strength
mechanical tability
145
blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action
shear blocks/clods
146
failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared
shear surface
147
initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear
primary shear surfaces
148
shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during the initial displacement. Are often perpendicular to the primary shear surfaces.
secondary shear surfaces
149
agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes; aka soil peds
soil aggregates
150
degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose
tillability
151
raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side. It is formed when a furrow slice is lapped over another slice.
back furrow
152
open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing. It is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.
dead furrow
153
trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice
furrow
154
peak of the turned furrow slice
furrow crown
155
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface; aka ditch depth/pit depth/trench depth
furrow depth
156
soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
furrow slice
157
undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
furrow wall
158
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip
head land
159
unplowed soil
land
160
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface; aka bed height or hill height or windrow height
ridge height
161
soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
root bed
162
part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants
root zone
163
soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
seedbed
164
weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or on a dry basis (soil only, most common)
soil density
ABE PAES TERMS
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