Directive 2012/27/EU: What is the main target of the directive?
EED requires the EU Member States to set indicative national energy efficiency targets ensuring that the EU reaches its target of saving 20 % of primary and final energy consumption by 2020 compared to business-as-usual projections.
Directive 2012/27/EU: What are beside the energy saving target the other two targets for 2020?
- 20% reduction below 1990 levels, in GHG emissions
- 20% share of renewable energy in the bloc’s energy mix
Directive 2012/27/EU: What are the main instruments of the directive?
- Energy efficiency obligation schemes (EEOS), requiring obligated parties determined by Member States – energy distributors and/or retail energy sales companies – to reduce the volume of energy sales to final customers by 1.5 % annually. This has to go beyond the existing energy efficiency standards regulated by other EU legislation.
Directive 2012/27/EU: What are the energy efficiency obligation schemes?
- Transport sector is excluded
- Gradual phase-in is allowed
- Same savings by alternative measures (e.g. CO2 taxes) are allowed
- Member states are free to choose how they will achieve the savings
Directive 2012/27/EU: What does is say about public procurement?
The EED requires the EU Member States’ central governments to purchase only highly energy efficient products, services and buildings, and to encourage local and regional authorities to do the same.
Public bodies are required to do so, provided it is cost-effective and economically feasible.
Directive 2012/27/EU: What does it say about buildings?
- Central governments are required to lead by example in the field of buildings and to renovate 3 % of the total floor area of buildings occupied or owned by central government each year from 2014 onwards.
- The EU Member States can choose to achieve the same savings by alternative measures.
- The EED requires the EU Member States to establish long-term strategies for mobilising investment in energy-efficient renovation of national public and private building stock (under the Winter Energy Package these provisions are intended to be moved to the revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive).
Directive 2012/27/EU: What are other measures named in the directive?
- to introduce mandatory energy audits of companies, excluding small and medium-sized enterprises;
- to monitor the efficiency of new energy generation capacity;
- to assess and use the potential for high-efficiency cogeneration (combined heat and power, CHP) and efficient district heating and cooling;
- to ensure priority access and dispatch of CHP electricity (under the Winter Energy Package these provisions are intended to be moved to the new proposals on electricity market legislation);
- to encourage and promote demand response (under the Winter Energy Package these provisions are intended to be moved to the new proposals on electricity market legislation);
- to support a market for energy services; and
- to ensure training, accreditation and certification of people working in the new energy market.
I. Lampropulos (2018), flexibility through aggregators: What is the aim of the article
The article aims to create more knowledge and better understanding of the trends at the demand-side, the impact of flexibility deployment through aggregators from a system perspective and how the envisioned opportunities can be exploited.
I. Lampropulos (2018), flexibility through aggregators: What is the definition of an aggregator?
A company who acts as intermediator between electricity end-users, who. provide distributed energy resources, and those power system participants who wish to exploit these services. An aggregator might utilise flexibility to take advantage of price differences in wholesale and retail markets for electricity, to participate in markets for AS, and to provide over-the-counter services to other market parties.
I. Lampropulos (2018), flexibility through aggregators: What are the five questions the research is focused on?
- Which are the opportunities for the deployment of flexibility in the energy system through aggregators?
- What stands (barriers) in the way for these opportunities to be realized?
- How can the identified barriers be removed (potential solutions)?
- Which actions the Dutch TSO and/or the regulator might take to promote the proposed solutions (recommendations)?
- What is the importance of the identified barriers and proposed solutions (priority level)?
I. Lampropulos (2018), flexibility through aggregators: What are the opportunities for the deployment of flexibility in the energy system through aggregators? (give 6)
- Spot market
a. On the spot market of the European Power Exchange, market member can trade hourly instruments. - Ancillary services markets for operating reserves
a. The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) defines operating reserves for balancing actions in three categories:
i. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) (Primary reserves)
ii. Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) (Secondary reserves)
iii. Replacement Reserves (RR) (Tertiary reserves) - Regional network and congestion management services
a. Ancillary services could be done at distributed level - Flexibility service provision between market parties
a. Enabling the provision of flexibility services between market parties is an issue within the commercial domain. - Retail market for energy supply and demand response
- Data services
I. Lampropulos (2018), flexibility through aggregators: What are the high ranked barriers in the article? (give 15)
- Regulator – lack of standards: determination of transfer of energy for mFRRda (urgent)
- Market – lack of transparency: non-visibility of mFRRda in the FRR merit order list (urgent)
- Regulatory – lack of standards: metering, allocation, billing, reconciliation and data exchange (urgent/semi-urgent)
- Market – design: length of lead time for aFRR (urgent/semi-urgent)
- Regulatory – lack of standards: Solution for smart meter data access (semi-urgent)
- Regulatory – lack of standards: Register of connection (semi-urgent)
- Regulatory – lack of standards:sub-metering to support settlement prcesses (semi-urgent)
- Market – process: separate provision of upwards and downwards mFRRda (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Market – design: length of settlement period (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Technical – metering and data exchange: requirements for FCR (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Technical – metering and data exchange: requirements for aFRR (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Market – process: duration of contracts for aFRR (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Market – process: requirement for symmetric bids for aFRR (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Regulatory – market imperfections and distortions: activation characteristics for mFFRda (semi-urgent/nice to have)
- Regulatory – lack of standards: platform for regional congestion management (semi-urgent/nice to have)
Zhou (2016), Smart home energy management systems (HEMS): What is the definition of a HEMS?
HEMS is defined as the optimal system providing energy management services in order to efficiently monitor and manage electricity generation, storage and consumption in smart houses.
Zhou (2016), Smart home energy management systems (HEMS): What are the five functions of HEMS?
- Monitoring
- Logging
- Control
- Alarm
- Management
Zhou (2016), Smart home energy management systems (HEMS): What are the two types of demand response schemes? Give also the subtypes and their time aim.
- Price based demand response
o Time-of-use pricing (months): prices vary with time
o Real time pricing (day-ahead and day-of): price fluctuates hourly
o Critical peak pricing (day-of): prices determined beforehand - Incentive-based demand response
o Direct load control (<15 min): program operator shuts down electrical equipment on short notice
o Interruptible load (day-ahead and day-of): reducing interrupting of load in emergency situation of the system
o Demand side bidding (day-ahead and day-of):: customers offer bids for curtailment
o Emergency demand response (day-of): processing the system reliability accident caused by network operating risk.
o Capacity/ancillary service program (months, day-of and <15 min): dealing with generator failure or other system accidents caused by the tight capacity.
Terlouw (2019), optimizing energy arbitrage of storage systems: What is the aim of the paper?
The aim of the paper was to investigate whether and centralized energy storage (CES) is economically profitable, could reduce CO2 emissions and contribute to peak shavings.
Terlouw (2019), optimizing energy arbitrage of storage systems: how was the research structured?
Two scenarios where used to test six different battery technologies. The first scenario (Energy Arbitrage, EA) was based on the individual ownership of the CES by an aggregator. The second scenario (Energy Arbitrage – Peak Shaving, EA-PS) was based on a shared ownership between an aggregator and a DSO.
Terlouw (2019), optimizing energy arbitrage of storage systems: What was the aim of the two different stakeholders?
- Aggregator: minimize operation costs and CO2 emissions
- DSO: avoid system contingencies by reducing the load on the distribution transformer by implementing peak shaving.
Terlouw (2019), optimizing energy arbitrage of storage systems: What was the conclusion of the paper?
- All battery technologies were economically profitable.
- The EA scenario shows a slightly better economic and environmental performance.
- The transformer stations tun out to be critical elements within the current infrastructure and will have to be reinforced for all-electric communities.
- The Lithium-ion batteries have the best economic and environmental performance. With as best performance the Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt battery (NMC-C)
- The combination of energy arbitrage with peak shaving shows promising potential
Ma (2012), existing building retrofits: What is the aim of the paper?
Retrofitting of existing buildings offers significant opportunities for reducing global energy consumption and GHG emissions. This paper presented a systematic methodology for appropriate retrofits of existing buildings for energy efficiency and sustainability.
Ma (2012), existing building retrofits: What are the phases in a sustainable building retrofit programme?
- Phase 1: Project setup and pre-retrofit survey
- Phase 2: Energy Auditing and performance assessment
- Phase 3: Identification of retrofit options
- Phase 4: Site implementation and commissioning
- Phase 5: Validation and verification
Ma (2012), existing building retrofits: What are the key elements influencing building retrofits?
- Policies and regulations
- Client resources & expectations
- Building specific information
- Other uncertainty factors
- Human factors
- Retrofit technologies
Ma (2012), existing building retrofits: What are building retrofit technologies?
- Heating and cooling demand reduction (demand side management)
- Human factors (energy consumption patterns)
- Renewable energy technologies and electrical system retrofits (supply side management)
- Energy efficient equipment and low energy technologies (demand side management)
Ma (2012), existing building retrofits: What was the conclusion of the paper?
- Existing building retrofits at a low rate (2.2% per year)
- Energy and environmental performance can improve through retrofits
