What are the main actors in the retail market?
- Supplier, who offer electricity contracts approved by the competent regulator. Supplier buy electricity from generators and sell it to consumers
- And consumer, who have the right to choose their supplier
Give the electricity price breakdown:
- Energy component
- Transmission and distribution charges
- Taxes and levies (e.g. for the support of renewable energy)
What is the relation between retail and wholesale markets?
- In theory there should be a relation but in practice there is just a small correlation.
- Between 2008 and 2015 the wholesale prices have fallen by 70% and retail price increased by 3.2%.
- The energy component declined by 15% from 2008 to 2015. This change suggests ineffective competition in retail markets.
How much energy would by saved by the widespread deployment of active controls by 2040?
Twice the energy consumed by the entire building sector in 2017
The growing share of network-enabled appliances presents opportunities for demand response but also increasing the need for standby power consumption. What do you know about demand response? And about demand response and storage?
- Demand Response (DR) can be defined as the changes in the usage of electrical power by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the electricity price over time or other incentives.
- Demand response and storage technologies are expected to drastically reduce curtailments of solar and wind, boosting their share of power generation and reducing CO2 emissions.
Give six demand response control schemes:
1) Frequency-based
2) Direct control over utility equipment
3) Direct control over end-use equipment
4) Price-based
5) Market-based
6) Model-based
What is the role of the aggregator company as a service provider?
- Aggregation reduces uncertainty and improves trading options
- Stand-alone residential loads have limited capacity and controllability, thus aggregation is needed
- The aggregator represents a number of units/customers to the markets
The aggregator company:
o aggregates system users at the demand-side & constructs a flexible portfolio
o can take on several roles and interact with markets
o can offer services to market parties and/or grid operators
Give two types of demand response
- Price-based (or implicit) demand response refers to a situation when consumers can choose to be exposed to time-varying electricity prices or time varying network grid tariffs that reflect the value and cost of electricity and/or transportation in different time periods, and react to such signals.
- Incentive-based (or explicit) demand response refers to a situation where consumers or agents working on their behalf (aggregators) are allowed to participate and provide demand side resources on the wholesale energy, reserves/balancing, and/or capacity markets.
What are remarks on the digitalisation of the demand side management of the energy system? (give 4)
- Digitalisation allows for a greater number of electricity consumers to respond flexibly to signals from the system, with the aim of maintaining security of supply at least cost.
- During the hours when supply is scarce or electricity networks are congested, connected devices such as industrial boilers and smart home appliances can be switched off or run at lower load automatically.
- Sophisticated new digital technologies allow this to be done in a way that does not affect the consumer comfort.
- The end user can be compensated through (price) incentives
What are future challenges for the demand side management? And how can they be accomplished?
Challenges:
- To integrate renewable energy sources while ensuring the stability and reliability of the power system
- To establish efficient production and delivery of electrical power, while allowing markets and competition
- To balance supply and demand in an efficient and economical way
Accomplished through:
- maintaining safety margins in generation and interconnections (higher costs and assets under-utilisation)
- integration of energy storage (higher costs and energy losses, limited capacity)
- implementation of demand side management
What is the energy consumption of the global building sector?
What is the energy consumption of the EU building sector?
What is the GHG emissions of the EU building sector?
How grow the electricity and gas consumption between 2015 and 2040?
- global building sector 21%
- EU building sector 40% energy and 36% GHG
- Between 2015-2040, electricity consumption grows with 32% and gas consumption grows with 20%
What is the Rc value?
Rc value (insulation) is really important for the heat transmission of an exterior wall
What are the requirements of the Energy performance of building directive?
1) Minimum requirements of energy performance
2) Methodology for calculating the integrated energy performance of buildings
3) Energy certification whenever buildings are constructed, sold or rented out
4) Regular inspection of heating and air conditioning systems
What is the implication of the Energy performance of building directive?
- Lacked sufficient detail for consistent implantation across the EU
How was the EPBD recasted ?
1) Strengthening of energy performance requirements of new as well as existing buildings across EU
2) Setting goals for near future
3) All new building (2020) need to be nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB)
4) Member states are required to increase the number of NZEBs
Why would we reduce energy use? (give 5)
1) Compliance with international agreements
2) Reduction of the energy dependency
3) Cost reduction
4) Reduction of CO2 emissions
5) Opportunity to lead the development path towards sustainability
What is a building?
- A roofed and walled structure built for permanent use
- The art or business of assembling materials into a structure
What are the statistics of the residential building sector?
- 75% of buildings is residential, 25% is non residential
- Of the residential houses: 64% single family houses and 36% apartment blocks
- In the Netherlands on average each 15 years a renovation
The amount of energy a building uses is determined by a number of factors that vary according to geography, climate, building type and location. Give six influencing factors.
- Purpose of building
- Size of building
- Efficiency of building equipment systems
- Number of people in a building and its hours of operation
- Operation and maintenance practices
- Age and construction characteristics of a building
What are the four types of transmission and ventilation heat losses?
- Heat flow
- Air flow
- Moisture flow
- Solar radiation
What are the four steps of retrofitting a house?
1) Project setup phase
2) Retrofit options
3) Implantation phase
4) Verification phase
How to energy audit your house?
- Data analysis (building characteristics and energy use)
- On-site survey (consumption measures)
- Evaluation of energy conservation opportunities (based on the energy use pattern of the building)
- Recommendation (recommended energy savings to be implemented)
Whys is a systems approach is essentially? (give 4 reasons)
- A way of organising observations
- A way of thinking about related objects and processes
- A way of talking about the parts of a system
- An outcome from systematically considering systemic phenomena
How would you describe a building from a systems perspective?
- Boundaries (extending to the local municipal infrastructure services)
- Flows and storage (inhabitants, energy, water, sewage and data)
- Transformations (buildings age and they are modified by their users, not always in a beneficial way)
- Spatial and temporal hierarchies (vital functions)
- Feedback and control loops. (control indoor environment, safety and security)
