Assignment 2 & quiz 3

Question 1

The use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease is known as

Answer 1

Pharmacotheraputics

Question 2

Toxicology is

Answer 2

The study of harmful effects of chemicals

Question 3

The generic name of a drug

Answer 3

Is known as the “official” or “nonproprietary” name
Is often derived from the chemical name
Tends to be somewhat shorter than the drugs chemical name

Question 4

The generic form of a drug is considered to be as safe and effective as the original, brand-name product if the generic form _________ as the brand-name drug.

Answer 4

Has the same type and amount of active ingredients
Uses the same administration route
Has the same pharmacokinetic profile
Produces same therapeutic effect

Question 5

Regarding drug development and approval, an “orphan drug” is a drug that is

Answer 5

given special funding for development because it is used in a small patient population with a relatively rare disease

Question 6

Prescription use of a drug to treat conditions other than those that the drug was originally approved to treat (off label prescribing)

Answer 6

Is legal and quite common in the U.S.

Question 7

When two drugs are compared, the drug that requires a lower dosage to produce the same effect as a higher dose of the second drug is said to

Answer 7

Be more potent

Question 8

The ______ effect occurs when drugs are transported initially to the liver where a significant amount of the drug may be metabolized and destroyed before the drug reaches its primary site of action.

Answer 8

First-pass

Question 9

The extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation is referred to as

Answer 9

Bioavailability

Question 10

Osmosis refers to the special case of diffusion where the diffusing substance is

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

A drug that has a volume of distribution of approximately 42 L in a healthy 70-kg man will typically be

Answer 11

Distributed uniformly throughout all of the body fluids

Question 12

Drug developers are exploring nanotechnology (i.e., the use of very small particles with specific physical properties) as a way to

Answer 12

Target and deliver drugs to specific tissues within the body
Facilitate drug absorption
Enables drugs to cross the blood brain barrier more easily

Question 13

Drug metabolism that occurs when a drug is changed chemically following administration is also known as

Answer 13

Biotansformation

Question 14

Most drugs are metabolized by _____ to the drug molecule, and the enzymes that catalyze these reactions are typically located at the ____ of specific cells.

Answer 14

Adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other substances (alcohol, nicotine) may enhance the liver’s ability to metabolize certain drugs, thus decreasing their therapeutic effect. This process is known as _______ .

Answer 15

Enzyme induction

Question 16

Drugs and their metabolites are excreted from the body primarily by

Answer 16

Kidneys

Question 17

To calculate drug elimination rates, blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma as it passes through the organ are measured to determine drug

Answer 17

Clearance

Question 18

Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more ____ compound, thus enabling the compound to be ____ when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney.

Answer 18

Polar
Excreted

Question 19

The acetylcholine receptor located on the postsynaptic membrane of the skeletal neuromuscular junction is an example of a membrane receptor that

Answer 19

Functions as an ion channel or pore

Question 20

Some drugs affect the function of the adenylate cyclase, an enzyme located on the inner surface of the cell membrane. This enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into _____, which acts as a second messenger that activates other enzymes (i.e., protein kinases) throughout the cell.

Answer 20

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Question 21

A drug that binds readily to available receptors even if the concentration of drug is relatively low is said to have _______ for that receptor.

Answer 21

High affinity

Question 22

The ability of a drug to bind to its receptor can be influenced by local chemicals such as guanine nucleotides, ammonium ions, and divalent cations. These local regulators are commonly known as _____.

Answer 22

Allosteric modulators

Question 23

In contrast to an agonist, a pharmacologic antagonist

Answer 23

Has affinity for the receptors, but lacks efficacy
Is also known as a “blocker”
Can be used to prevent endogenous chemical from overstimulating the receptor

Question 24

A drug that fails to evoke a maximal response even though it occupies all available receptors is known as

Answer 24

A partial agonist

Question 25

Overstimulation of postsynaptic receptors may lead to a decrease in responsiveness of the receptors. A fairly brief and transient decrease in receptor responsiveness is known as _____, whereas a more prolonged process in which the actual number of available receptors is diminished is known as _________.

Answer 25

Desensitization Down-regulation

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action for Ozempic?

Answer 26

Activates glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor

Question 27

One of the common adverse reactions to Oxycodone is constipation.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What is the drug subclass of Tresiba?

Answer 28

Diabetes, insulins

Question 29

The study of the analysis if what drug does to the body, including mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect is known as ___

Answer 29

pharmacodynamics

Question 30

Drugs and their metabolites are excreted from the body primarily by

Answer 30

kidneys

Question 31

When evaluating drug safety, the dosage that causes 50% of subjects to exhibit an adverse effect is known as the

Answer 31

median toxic dose

Question 32

The reaction of removing oxygen or adding hydrogen to the original drug compound is known as

Answer 32

reduction

Question 33

Which of the following is a parental route of drug administration?

Answer 33

Injection

Question 34

Drugs that can be produced directly by a consumer without a prescription also known as

Answer 34

Over-the-counter drugs

Question 35

Carrier specific, expenditure of energy, and ability to transport substances against a concentration gradient are all characteristics of

Answer 35

active transport

Question 36

Which of the following is a primary location for drug biotransformation?

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

A drug that binds readily to available receptors even if the concentration of the drug is relatively low, is said to have ____ for that receptor

Answer 37

High affinity

Question 38

What is the primary indication of pravastatin?

Answer 38

Hyperlipidemia

Question 39

Bio transformation usually results in an altered version of the original compound known as a

Answer 39

Metabolite

Question 40

According to the data shown here which medication has the greatest maximal effect?

Answer 40

Morphine (higher pain relief)

Question 41

Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other substances (alcohol, nicotine) may enhance the liver's ability to metabolize certain drugs, thus decreasing their therapeutic effect. This problem in drug metabolism is known as ____

Answer 41

Enzyme induction

Question 42

To calculate drug elimination rates, blood flow to an organ, and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma as it passes through the organ are measured to determine drug _____

Answer 42

Clearance

Question 43

If there is no existing patent for a drug, or the patent is expired, the same drug may be marketed by separate drug companies under different _____

Answer 43

trade names