Applied Pathophysiology PTS1 6014 > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

largest endocrine organ in the body

A

Adipose tisue

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2
Q

the proteins released by adipocytes after being induced by neurotransmitters and glucse
act locally as autocrine hormones or thorugh bloodstream as endocrine

A

adipokines

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3
Q

maintain the balance of energy by regulating appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and lipid uptake

A

function of adipokines

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4
Q

a specialized tissue that is important in thermoregulation, converting energy from food into heat
amount decreases in adulthood

A

brown fat

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5
Q

the classic adipose tissue repsonsible for storage of triglycerols to provide a long-term reservoir of energy for the body
involved in CV and metabolic complications

A

white fat

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6
Q

fat accumulated in the lower body

A

pear shaped

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7
Q

fat in the abdominal area

A

apple shape

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8
Q

___ and ___ are stronger predictors than BMI

A

waist circumference
waist to hip ratio

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9
Q

___ obesity has been inked with serious health conditions (diabetes, insulin resistance, CVD)

A

central

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10
Q

a multifactoral disease with a complex interactions between lifestyle, environment, and genetics

A

obesity

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11
Q

branch of medicine concerned with the management of obesity

A

bariatrics

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12
Q

BMI: underweight

A

less than 18.5

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13
Q

BMI: normal

A

18.5 - 24.9

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14
Q

BMI: overweight

A

25 - 29.9

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15
Q

BMI: Obese

A

greater than 30

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16
Q

BMI: morbid obesity

A

greater than 40

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17
Q

in children:
overweight
obese

A

overweight: 85-94th percentile
Obese: greater than 95th percentile

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18
Q

etiology of obesity

A

imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, with mroe energy consumeed than expended

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19
Q

risk factors for obesity

A

sedentary lifestyle
high sugar diet
underlying illness
genetic disorder
genetics
medicines
environmental factors

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20
Q

Pathogenesis of obesity: hormonal adn neuropeptide signaling pathways

A

CNS-mediated neuroendocrine dysfunction

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21
Q

Pathogenesis of obesity: affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

hormonal dysfunction

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22
Q

Pathogenesis of obesity: sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Pump

A

Energy regulation

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23
Q

Pathogenesis of obesity: theories (2)

A

adipose cell theory
lipoprotein lipase theory

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24
Q

Pathogenesis of obesity: an altered level bacterial intetsinal microbes called gut microflora

A

microbial theory

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25
Pathogenesis of obesity: two others
Viral infections chronic sleep deprivation
26
5 signs of metabolic syndrome
Abdominal obesity Atherogenic dyslipidemia elevated BP insulin resistance prothrombotic and proinflammation
27
Treatment of obesity
Weight loss medications surgery behvaior and lifestyle changes
28
german pathologist physiologist and biologist
Paul Langerhans
29
Islets constitute ___ of pancreas
1-2 %
30
___ produce insulin
beta cells
31
____ regulates blood sugar
insulin
32
Impaireed beta cell function results in
diabetes
33
Types of Islet cells
beta alpha delta
34
a chronic systemic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and disruption of the metabolism od carbs, fats, and proteins
Diabetes Mellitus
35
body does not make enough insulin
type 1
36
body cant use insulin properly
type 2
37
Age of onset Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: less than 20 Type 2: older than 40`
38
Proportion of all cases Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: 10% Type 2: 90%
39
onset Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: abrupt Type 2: gradual
40
etiology Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: possible viral/autoimmune resulting in destruction of islet cells Type 2: obesity-associated insulin resistance
41
Body weight at onset Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: normla or thin Type 2: majority are obese
42
Endogenous insulin production Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1:decreased Type 2: variables
43
Ketoacidosis Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: may occur Type 2: rare
44
treatment Type 1: Type 2:
Type 1: insulin, diet, exercise Type 2:diet, exercise, insulin, weight control
45
an autoimmune tyoe of diabetes that begins in middle to late adulthood (LADA)
type 1.5 diabetes mellitus
46
obesity-dependent diabetes in childhood inflammatory metabolic condition
diabesity
47
any degree of glucose intolerance recognized with the onset of preganacy
gestational DM
48
gestational DM occurs in ___ of pregnancies
8%
49
Do women with gestational DM return to normal after?
Yes
50
____ occurs more frequently with women with prior gestational DM
T2 DM
51
occurs when the body cannout utilize glucose the way it should the body cells do not recognize all of the insulin or the cells stop responding to action of insulin
prediabetes
52
Diabetes A1C test: Fatsing Bood sugar: glucose tolerance test:
A1C test: 6.5% + Fatsing Bood sugar: 126 + glucose tolerance test: 200 +
53
Prediabetes A1C test: Fatsing Bood sugar: glucose tolerance test:
A1C test: 5.7-6.4% Fatsing Bood sugar: 100-125 glucose tolerance test: 140-199
54
Normal A1C test: Fatsing Bood sugar: glucose tolerance test:
A1C test: below 5.7% Fatsing Bood sugar: 99 or lower glucose tolerance test: 140 or lower
55
a measure of the % of blood sugar atatched to hemoglobin and is indicative of a person's avergae blood suagr level for the previous 3 months
Hemoglobin A1C
56
___ in every 10 people have diabetes with 1 in 5 not knowing they had it
1
57
___ of three peoplee have prediabetes with 8/10 not knowing they had it
1
58
26.4 million poeple aged 65 years and older have prediabetes (what percent)
half (48.8%)
59
How many people will have diabetes in 2060
60.6
60
T1DM is caused by cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of ___ of the pancreas and usually leads to absolute insulin defiency
beta cells
61
insulin reisstance --> _____ -----> decrease in beta cell mass
beta cells stress
Applied Pathophysiology PTS1 6014
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