1
Q
An/o
A
Anus
2
Q
Append/o
A
Appendix
3
Q
Appendic/o
A
Appendix
4
Q
Cholecyst/o
A
Gall bladder
5
Q
Col/o
A
Colon
6
Q
Colon/o
A
Colon
7
Q
Or/o
A
Mouth
8
Q
Stomat/o
A
Mouth
9
Q
Enter/o
A
Intestines
10
Q
Duoden/o
A
Duodenum
11
Q
Esophag/o
A
Oesophagus
12
Q
Gastr/o
A
Stomach
13
Q
Hepat/o
A
Liver
14
Q
Ile/o
A
Ileum
15
Q
Jejun/o
A
Jejunum
16
Q
Pancreat/o
A
Pancreas
17
Q
Proct/o
A
Anus and rectum
18
Q
Rect/o
A
Rectum
19
Q
Sigmoid/o
A
Sigmoid colon
20
Q
Gloss/o
A
Tongue
21
Q
Digestive system fucntion
A
To breakdown food (mechanically/chemically) to absorb nutrients and to excrete waste products
22
Q
Digestion defintion
A
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by chemical and mechanical means
23
Q
What is mechanical digestion
A
To breakdown food through chewing, swallowing and muscular movmeents
It physically breaks down foods into smaller pieces, increasing their surface area, without changing the chemical structure
24
Q
Examples of mechanical digestion
A
Mastication-> chewing
Stomach muscles-> churning
25
Chemical digestion
To breakdown food in the mouth, stomach and intestines through the use of acids and enzymes
Chemical structure of the molecule is changed
26
E.g chemical digestion
Saliva in mouth
HCl helps with chemical breakdown in stomach
27
Ingestion- what is it
Intake of substances: passing of food and fluids from the mouth into the alimentary tract
28
Function of mouth
Point of entry and beginning of ingestion for digestive system
29
Mouth examples of mechanical digestion
-teeth/tongue
-chewing
30
Mouth examples of chemical digestion
Salivary glands/saliva
31
Dent/o
Teeth
32
Odont/o
Teeth
33
Dent/i
Teeth
34
Function of teeth
To complete mechanical digestion by tearing, grinding, cutting and breaking down food into small enough portions to swallow
35
Lingu/o
Tongue
36
Function of tongue
-chewing
-swallow
-speech
-taste
37
What are the 3 salivary glands
Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
38
Which of the three salivary glands are the most superior
Parotid
39
Function of salivary glands
To produce saliva which…
lubricates food bolus-> can move easier through digestive system
Salivary glands produce saliva which contains amylase and allows for chemical breakdown of amylase into starch
Cleaning of mouth
40
Ways to maintain good oral health
Regular dental check ups
Daily tooth brushing and flossing-> to ensure bacteria= removed
Fluroide in tap water strengthens enamel to protect teeth
41
Processes of digestion
Ingestion
Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Elimination
42
Where does ingestion occur
Mouth
43
Where does propulsion occur
Oesophagus
44
Where does digestion occur
Stomach
45
Where does absorption occur
Small itnestine
46
Where does assimilation occur
Blood
47
Where does elimination occur
Anus
48
What is propulsion
The movement of ingested food/fluids (bolus) along the digestive/alimentary tract
49
How does food move from the oral cavity to oesophagus
Tongue pushes food back towards pharynx
Epiglottis ensures food moves down the oesophagus and prevents food bolus going into trachea
Presence of saliva helps to lubricate food bolus so this occurs easily
50
Oesophagus structure
A fibromuscular tube that carries food and liquid from pharynx to stomach
Contains two sphincter muscles-> UES and LES
51
What does fibromuscular mean
Made of both connective and muscle tissue
52
UES
Upper oesophageal sphincter
53
LES
Lower oesophageal sphincter
54
What does the UES do
Prevents air entering the oesophagus and helps with swallowing
55
What does the LES do
Prevents stomach contents from flowing back up into the oesophagus, contributing to digestion and preventing acid reflux
56
Function of oesophagus
To transport food from the pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis
57
What is peristalsis
Involuntary contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles-> propulsion of contents
58
What is a bolus
Chewed food and liquid
59
What is the stomach
A muscular bag
A C-shaped structure made up of 4 regions
60
What muscle is in the stomach
Smooth muscle
61
Location of stomach
Left side of the abdominal cavity
Posterior to liver
62
4 regions of stomach
Fundus, body, pylorus, cardia
63
Function of stomach
To mechanically (churning of food through muscle contractions) and chemically (through activating enzymes e.g HCl) breakdown food
64
Chyme
Mixture of food, gastric juice and HCl created in the stomach
65
Bolus
Chewed food and liquid mixed with saliva
66
Bolus v chyme
A food bolus transitions into chyme within the stomach
Strong muscle contractions along with HCl breakdown food bolus into semi liquid mixture, chyme
Chyme= more runny than food blous
67
Mechanical digestion stomach
Muscle contraction acts to churn food
Secretion of mucus aids in lubrication-> prevents injury to stomach walls
So that nutrients can be absorbed
68
Chemical function stomach
Produce pepsin
69
Protective function stomach
Release HCl
Kills invading bacteria in food
70
Absorption
To move digested food molecules across the intestine wall into the blood or lymph
Blood-> everything else
Lymph-> fatty acids absorbed by lacteal
71
Function of small intestine
To absorb nutrients from chyme into the bloodstream
72
Structure of small intestine
-finger like projections: villi and microvilli
-each villus has a large capillary network and lacteals
73
How does small intesitne structure of single wall of columnar epithelial cells help function
Single wall of columnar epithelial cells-> short diffusion pathway-> increased rate of nutrient diffusion into blood
74
How does finger like projections: villi and microvilli of small intestine help with function
Finger like projections (villi and microvilli) line small intestine-> inc. SA of intestines for absorption-> inc. rate of nutrient diffusion into the blood
75
How does each villus having a large capillary network and lacteal in s.i help function
Each villus has a large capillary network and lacteals-> inc. SA-> inc. rate of nutrient diffusion into the blood/lymph
76
How does mucous membrane in small intestine help with function
Mucous membrane-> maintains moist barrier-> protects the intestines by trapping pathogens and lubricating
77
3 parts of small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
78
What is the mesentery
Connective tissue, which holds intestines in place and attaches to the peritoneum
79
Location of duodenum
First part of S.I to leave stomach
80
Function of duodenum
Final stage of digestion
Gall bladder and pancreatic secretitions merge at duodenum
Secretin produced in duodenum in response to acidic chyme-> pancreas stimulated to release alkaline secretions to maintian pH to WNL
81
Location jejunum
Middle section of small intestines
82
Structure of jejunum
Villi and microvilli line the walls
83
Function of jejeunum
To absorb nutrients
84
Location of ileum
End section of s.i
85
Structure of ileum
Villi and microvilli line the wall
86
Function ileum
To absorb nutrients
87
Function of liver
To produce and secrete bile
To metabolise CHO, fats and proteins
88
Function of bile
To digest insoluble fatty acids and breakdown fats into smaller droplets
To breakdown and absorb vitamins K,D,A,E
To excrete bilirubin
89
Gall bladder
Stores, concentrates and releases bile to duodenum
90
Pathway of bile
1. Bile is produced in the liver
2. Then bile is secreted into gallballder and is stored/concentrated
3. Gallballder then constricts and bile is secreted into duodenum
91
similarity between trachea and oesophagus
both contain smooth muscle
92
What is the pancreas
Abdominal organ
Posterior to stomach
Connected to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct
93
Digestive function of pancreas
To breakdown nutrients via chemical digestion by producing enzymes amylase, trypsin and lipase
94
Where is pepsin produced and what does it breakdown
Produced in stomach
Breaks down proteins
95
Where is secretin produced and what is its function
Produced in Duodenum
Produced in response to acidic chyme
96
Where is amylase produced and what does it breakdown
Produced in pancreas and salivary glands
Breaks down starch
97
Where is lipase produced and what does it breakdown
Produced in pancreas
Breakdsdown fats
98
Where is trypsin produced and what does it break down
Produced in pancreas
Breaksdown proteins
99
Pancreas location
Posterior to stomach
Surrounded by peritoneum
Connected to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct
100
Digestive function of pancreas
To breakdown nutrients via chemical digestion by producing enzymes amylase, trypsin and ligase
101
What does amylase break down
Breaks down starch
102
What does trypsin break down
Breaks down proteins
103
What does lipase break down
Breaks down fats/lipids
104
Where is pepsin produced
In stomach
105
Function of pepsin
To breakdown proteins
106
Where is secretin produced in
Duodenum
107
Function of secretin
Produced in response to acidic chyme to assist with regulating pH
108
Where is amylase produced
Pancreas
Salivary glands
109
Function of amylase
To breakdown starch
110
Where is lipase produced
Pancreas
111
Function of lipase
To breakdown fats
112
Where is trypsin produced
Pancreas
113
Function of trypsin
To breakdown proteins
114
Relationship between pancreas and lymphatic system
Pancreas produces lipase which breaks down fats into fatty acids in the small intestine
Then, lacteal (inside villi of SI) can absorb digested fatty acids so lymph system can transport fat through lymph system and return to CVS via thoracic duct for use
115
Potential health risks of digestive enzyme deficiency
Malnutrition
GI problems e.g bloating, gas, diarrhoea
116
Symptoms of digestive enzyme deficiency
Abdominal pain/cramps
Bloating
Unexplained weight loss
117
Assimilation definition
The movement of digested and absorbed food molecules from the bloodstream into the cells for use
118
Absorption vs assimilation
Once nutrients are absorbed, body uses them for various functions e.g glucose can be used to produced energy
Absorption= taking in
Assimilation= using and incorporating
119
Explain the importance of villi in SI in allowing process of assimilation to successfully occur
Villi contain capillaries-> capillaries can absorb amino acids and starch from SI into the blood
Nutrients can then be transported to tissues in the body for assimilation to occur
E.g amino acids used to form protein for repairing cells
120
Pancreas hormones function
To regulate blood glucose levels through production of insulin and glucagon
121
What does insulin respond to
High blood glucose
122
What does glucagon respond to
Low blood glucose
123
What is glucose used for
Used by cells in cellular respiration to create energy
124
What is stored glucose in muscle and liver cells called
Glycogen
125
What is glycogen
Stored glucose in. Muscle and liver cells
126
What is glucose called when in blood
Glucose
127
Insulin in regulating blood glucose
Stimulus: high blood glucose, homeostasis disturbed
Receptor: high BGL detected by insulin secreting cells of pancreas
Reponse: insulin secreting cells of pancreas release more insulin into blood-> promotes uptake of glucose into cells (now stored as glycogen)
-> decreases BGL to WNL
Homeostasis restored
128
Glucagon in regulating blood glucose
Stimulus:low blood glucose, homeostasis disturbed
Receptor: low BGL detected by glucagon releasing cells of pancreas
Response: glucagon releasing cells of pancreas release more glucagon into blood (target=liver)
Effector: liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose
-> inc. BGL to WNL, homeostasis restored
129
WNL BGL
4 to 7.6 mmol/L
130
After a period of fasting, why do BGL decrease
B/c no consumed food-> not consumed carbohydrates-> t/f not broken down into glucose
131
What is elimination
The excretion of undigested food substances through the anus after processing in bowel
132
What does the caecum directly connect to
The small intestine
133
What is the first part of the large intestine
The caecum
134
Location of large intestine
Between the small intestine (ileum) and anus
135
Structure of large intestine
Consists of caecum, transcending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, ascending colon and rectum
136
Function of ascending colon
To absorb remaining water and electrolytes
To convert liquid chyme to semi-solid faeces
137
Function of descending colon
To form and transport faeces
138
Function of sigmoid colon
To contract to increase the pressure inside the colon, causing the stool to move into the rectum
139
Components of feaces
60-70 percent water
Fibre
Dead and live microbes
140
Formation of faeces
Undigested food (chyme) enters the colon from the ileum
Water, salts and vitamins are reabsorbed (kept in the body)
Dehydration (removal of water from chyme- kept in body) and compaction of undigested matter
Semi-solid faeces
141
Diarrhoea
Discharge of watery wastes from the colon
142
What does diarrhoea result from
Results from insufficient absorption of water from the faces-> causes dehydration
143
Causes of diarrhoea
Gastroenteritis
Cholera
144
Location of rectum
Stars at sigmoid colon and ends in the anal canal
145
Structure of rectum
- 13cm long
146
Function of rectum
To store faeces before excretion
147
What is the anal sphincter made of
The internal anal sphincter and the external anal sphincter
148
What membrane is the anal canal lined by
Mucous membrane
149
What is the internal anal sphincter
Involuntary smooth muscle
Responsible for mainitaining resting tone and prevent accidental leakage of stool/gas
150
What is the external anal sphincter
Voluntary, striated muscle that you can consciously control to delay or initiate bowel movements
151
Defecation reflex
1. Stool accumulation: as food waste moves from the colon into the rectum, it accumulates and stretches the rectal walls
2. Stimulation of strecth receptors: expanding rectal walls stimulate the stretch receptors in the rectal wall
3. Signal transmission: stretch receptors sending signals to the brain via nerve pathways, initating defecation relex
4. Urge to defecate: brain interprets these signals as an urge to defecate, which is then followed by relaxation of internal anal sphincter and contraction of rectal muscles
5. Voluntary control: external anal sphincter (under voluntary control) determines whether to initiate the bowel movement
152
Relationship between digestive and nervous system in elimination of waste
Rectum contains strech receptor cells-> when rectum is full of faeces, receptor cells send mssg to brain to stimulate relaxation of internal anal sphincter to intiiate defecation reflex
153
Ways to maintian healthy digestive system
Eat high fibre diet (fruit and veg)-> adds bulkt o faeces and keeps movements regular
-soluble fibre-> lowers LDL levels, BP
-insoluble fibre-> attracts bulk to faces-> easy to pass
Maintain hydration-> avoid constipation
Exercise regularly-> help movement of faeces/bolus
154
If someone has acid reflux, why might they experience heartburn
Chyme in stomach is acidic.
If LES is not working properly and acid reflux occurs, chyme, which is acidic can travel back up oesophagus and t/f cause heartburn
155
What is a colostomy bag
An external bag that collects faeces
156
Difference between bolus and chyme
Bolus= food mixed with saliva
Mouth, oesophagus
Chyme= food mixed with gastric juices
Stomach, intestines
157
Why would you do for movement for digestive system
Can help with consistent digestive movement through small intestine
158
Crohns disease
Inflammation of the ileum
159
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammation of the colon
160
Compare and contrast villi and cilia
Both small projections and line wall of tracts
Villi=finger like projections, line D.S eg small intestine/ absorb nutrients into blood
Cilia= hair like projections, line respiratory tract/ trap and removed inhaled pathogens
161
Peritubular
Pertaining to around the tubules
162
How does sufficient water combat diarrhoea
Drinking adequate water combats dehydration by combating dehydration
AA: VH Nethmi
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
-
AT1: Body Systems And Terminology82
-
AT1: Tissues40
-
AT 1: Membranes1
-
AT2: Integumentary, Skeletal And Muscular System159
-
AT2: Key Terms60
-
AT2: Content Revision38
-
AT3: Cardiovascular System133
-
AT3: Lymphatic System82
-
AT3: Immune System56
-
AT4: Respiratory System90
-
AT4: Digestive System162
-
AT4: Urinary System125
-
AT5: Nervous System179
-
Special Senses: Eye40
-
WNL7
-
Special Senses: Ear31
-
Special Senses: Taste20
-
AT5140
-
Misconceptions56
-
Exam Festival Misconceptions0
