what are the four stages of attatchment
- asocial
- indiscriminate
- specific
- multiple
what is the asocial attachment phase
little observable social behaviour
what is the indiscriminate attachment phase
more observable attachment behaviours. accept cuddles from adults
what is the specific attatchment phase?
stranger anxiety and separation anxiety in regards to one specific adult
what is the multiple attachment stage
attachment behavior directed towards more than one adult
Name 2 evaluation points of the stages of attachment
- measuring attachments- just because child protests when adult leaves doesn’t mean attachment
- multiple attatchments may appear first
what is shaffers and emersons research?
mothers of 60 Glasgow babies respond monthly on separation anxiety.
most babies showed attachment to a primary caregiver by 32 weeks and develop multiple attachments soon after
What are 2 evaluation points of shaffers and emersons study
- good external validity- observations in natural environment
- longitudinal design- participants observed at each age
define reciprocity
mothers respond to instant alertness. 3 months close attention between mum and infant
define interactional synchrony
interactions become co-ordinated. baby and mother in sync
what was Van Ijendoorns study
- meta analysis for 8 countries
- in total 1990 mother infant pairs from 32 different studies were used
- use research from the ssp studies from 8 countries
- he compared attatchment types in 8 countrys
- discovered more variation within countries than between,
whats the conclusion from Van Ijzendoorn’s study
- appears attachment is innate and universal and secure attachment is the norm
- cultural practices affect roles of attachment types
describe ainsworths study
- 7 stage controlled observation
- assesed the proximity setting
- assessed stranger and separation anxiety and response to reunion
- found that infants showed consistent patterns of behaviour
what are the three types of attachment
- secure
- avoidant
- resistant
what is secure attachment
enthusiastic greeting, generally content
what is avoidant attachment
avoids reunion, generally reduced responses
what is resistant attachment
resists reunion, generally more distressed
what are 2 evaluation points of ainsworths study
- good reliability: different types of observers agree 90% of the time on children’s attachment types
- culture bond- attachment behavior may have different meanings in different cultures
desribe lorenz’s reserach
- goslings saw lorenz when they hatched
- newly hatched chicks attached to the first moving object they see
what is sexual imprinting
adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint
give 2 evaluation points of lorenzs research
- generalisability- birds and mammals may have different attachment systems so may not be relevant to humans
- some observations questioned- birds imprinting on other gloves did later prefer their own species
Describe harlows research
- raised infant monkeys in isolation with 2 surrogate mothers - cloth and wire
- infant monkeys were observed to see which of the 2 surrogates they spent the most time with and which they used as a safe base when deliberately frightened
- surrogates physiologically equal- infants drank same amount of milk
- surrogates not psychologically equal- infants preffered cloth mother, when exposed to stressful situation, infants used cloth surrogate and safe base
- monkeys raised in isolation grew up to to be unable to form social relationships with others
WHAT WERE THE CONCLUSIONS OF HARLOWS RESEARCH
- attachment not based on food as predicted by learning approach
- Harlow’s findings support evolutionary theory of attachment, sense of comfort and security provided by the caregiver that is important rather than the provision of food
Give 2 evaluation points on harlows study
Theoretical value- demonstated that attachemnt depend more on contact than feeding
Ethical issues- suffering of the monkeys would be human life
