What is attatchment
an emotive relationship between 2 people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure when in the presence of the other.
Who investigated imitation of newborns
Meltzoff and moore
What did meltzoff aim to investigate and what did they do?
-aimed to investigate the age at which imitation occurs in newborns.
-Videoed 12-21 day babies as they watched an adult displaying 1 of 3 facial expressions. 1)lip protrusion 2) mouth opening 3) tongue protrusion
- Found associate between infant behaviour and adult model. As young as 2 weeks could associate
What is reciprocity
The mutual exchamge of responses between an infant anf their caregiver. It invloves a back and forth pattern of communication, infants behaviour elicits a response from the caregiver which in return influences infants behaviour
What is an example of reciprocity
when an infant smiles, caregiver responds with smile which reinforces behaviour and encourages further interaction
What interactional synchrony
temporal coordination of behaviours between an infant and their caregiver. It invloves a high degree of similarity and timing between the infants behaviour and caregiver response
What is an example of interactional synchrony
when infant makes facial expression caregiver responds with similar expression in a synchronised and coordinated way.
Who did the still face experiment
Tronick et al
What was the still face experiment and how did the babies react
-Parent interacts with infant as normal. instructed to stop responding to baby “still face”
- At first babies continue smiling and making noise to try engage the mother and elicit a response. When see mother isn’t responding at all they become distressed
What are stregnths of caregiver- infant interaction
- highly controlled observations: Meltzoff and moore used cameras from dif angles to capture behaviour
- No demand characteristics: Infants don’t know they are being observed
- Practical application: help mothers engage in more social interaction with babies
Give overview of Schaffer and emerson
observed 60 babies from glasgow, all from same estate and from working class families. Recorded their attatchment behaviours at regular intervals between ages of 6 weels and 18 months. Visited families every 4 weeks until they were 1 then again at 18 months
What did Schaffer and Emerson do?
- Analysed interactions between infants and carers.
-Interviewed the carers
-Mother had to keep diary to track infants behaviours
How did schaffer and emerson measure the infant behaviour
seperation anxiety and stanger distress
What were the findings of schaffer and emerson
-attatchment tended to be the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infants and not the person who spent the most time with them
- Infants who had parents who responded to their needs quickly and send more time interacting with child had more intense attachments
-attatchements seems to form when the carer communicates and plays with child rather than when carer feeds or cleans the child.
What are the stages of attachtment
- Asocial attachment
- Indiscriminate attachment
- Specific attachment
- Multiple attachments
Asocial attachment: time frame, and what is it
-0-6 weeks
- infant responds to objects and people similarly
Indiscriminate attachment: time frame and what is it
6 weeks- 6 months
infant develops more responses to human company. Although they can tell the difference between different people they can be comforted by anyone
Specific attachment: time frame and what is it
- 7 months
infants begin to prefer 1 particular for security, comfort, protection. They also start to show stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
Multiple attachments: time frame and what is it
- 10-11 months
- infant forms multiple attachments and seeks security, comfort and protection in multiple people. They may also show separation anxiety for multiple people
Evaluation points for stages of attatchment
+ Ecological validity: not in lab setting and in own houses. Natural behaviour
- Self report: social desirability
- population validity: all in glasgow and working class, 60 infants cant be generalised
- Cultural differences: some cultures multiple care givers are the norm
What are the parts of bowlbys monotropic theory
A, SNAP, CHAT, MAKES, IMAGES
Adaptive
Social cues
Critical period
Monotopic
Internal working model
What is the critical period in the monotropic theory
3-6 months. window where attachment is most likely. If doesn’t form attachment very hard to attach
What is the IWM
-like a schema
-behaviour of caregiver becomes a model of what the infant will expect.
What is the continuity hypothesis
-Babies that have strong and secure attachment are socially and emotionally competent adults
- Babies who are not strongly attached to caregiver are not
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The Experimental Method10
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Control Of Variables4
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Hypotheses12
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Ethical issues6
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Types Of Experiments16
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Experimental Design14
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Observational Techniques32
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Sampling15
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Peer review2
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Approaches in Psychology (Origins)4
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Approaches In Psychology(Behaviourist Approach)15
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Approaches In Psychology-Social Leanring Theory12
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Approaches In Psychology(Cognative Approach)11
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Approaches in Psychology (Biological approach)18
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Approaches in Psychology (Psychodynamic approach)19
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Memory14
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Multi-store model12
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Conformity18
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Animal studies3
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Past paper questions- memory10
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Phobias10
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Bowlby2
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quick revision2
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Authoritarian personality10
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The nervous system32
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Psychopathology past paper questions8
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Research methods 323
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Psychopathology-phobias33
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Psychopathology-Depression23
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Psychopathology-OCD23
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Attatchment31
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PPE MEMORY20
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Holism vs Reductionism18
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Gender Bias14
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Cognitive explanation to SX9
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Drug treatments for SX11
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FORENSICS- top down approach8
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GENDER- sex, gender, androgyny16
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GENDER- Cog expl. Kohlberg's theory9
