Atypical development - CD4

Question 1

What is atypical development? (2)

Answer 1

• someone whose development/cognitive processes differ more than typical individual variation
• different developmental patterns/delays

Question 2

What does the medical model focus on?

Answer 2

measuring individuals against the norm with a deficit view

Question 3

What are the 2 perspectives in atypical development?

Answer 3

• cognitive genetics
• neuroconstructivism

Question 4

What is cognitive genetics?

Answer 4

The study of how both genes and other portions of the genome affect the functioning of the brain and its consequences for cognitive development

Question 5

What is neuroconstructivism?

Answer 5

the study of how genes and the environment interact over time and how it shapes the development of cognitive abilities

Question 6

What is Williams syndrome? (3)

Answer 6

• intellectual disability
• perform significantly below average in intellectual functioning
• prior to the end of the developmental period

Question 7

What are the 3 domains of adaptive functioning?

Answer 7

• conceptual
• social
• practical

Question 8

What are included in the conceptual domain? (7)

Answer 8

language skills, reading, writing, maths, reasoning, knowledge, memory

Question 9

What are included in the social domain? (4)

Answer 9

empathy, social judgement, interpersonal communication skills, ability to make and retain friendship

Question 10

What are included in the practical domain? (5)

Answer 10

personal care, job responsibilities, money management, recreation, organising school and work tasks

Question 11

What are the physical traits of Williams syndrome? (6)

Answer 11

• cardiac, musculoskeletal, renal and dental differences
• hypercalcemia
• distinctive facial morphology
• small stature
• problems with binocular vision
• hyperacusis (sensitive to sound)

Question 12

What are the personality traits of Williams syndrome? (6)

Answer 12

• very friendly and gregarious
• unafraid of strangers
• empathetic
• extremely trusting and accommodating
• active - difficulty with concentration
• anxiety and phobias

Question 13

What are the cognitive traits of Williams syndrome? (3)

Answer 13

• difficulties with spatial and numerical skills
• IQ in lower range (40-90)
• strengths in language, facial recognition and social interaction

Question 14

What genetic thing is Williams syndrome associated with?

Answer 14

a pattern of gene deletion

Question 15

What double dissociation happens with Williams syndrome in terms of language? What do each condition show?

Answer 15

down syndrome
- williams = good language comprehension and production, expressive, large vocab
- down = struggle to come up with the right words

Question 16

What is linguistic affect and who shows a lot of it?

Answer 16

• use of linguistic tools that engage the listener
• people with williams syndrome

Question 17

What double dissociation happens with Williams syndrome in terms of social cognition? What do each condition show?

Answer 17

• down syndrome
• williams = more social language

Question 18

What socially evaluative language is found in Williams syndrome cases? (3)

Answer 18

• more referencing of affective states
• more evaluations of others’ behaviour
• more use of emphatic markers to engage the listener

Question 19

What are people with Williams syndrome more likely to do during play than down syndrome?

Answer 19

initiate dyadic interactions with a parent and a novel adult (but more with a novel adult)

Question 20

How do typical and Williams syndrome children differ in their facial recognition?

Answer 20

they detect the configuration of faces less than typical, but detect features a similar amount

Question 21

How does the development of facial recognition differ in TDs and Williams syndrome children? (2)

Answer 21

• TD get better as they get older for configuration and features
• Williams similar trajectory for configs but it is just always lower

Question 22

How do Williams syndrome children perform on theory of mind tests?

Answer 22

poorly

Question 23

Why might Williams syndrome children show poor social judgements?

Answer 23

poor theory of mind

Question 24

How will WS children perform when copying a picture?

Answer 24

draw individual elements well but struggle to put them in the right configuration

Question 25

How will WS and DS children perform when copying a big letter made of little letters?

Answer 25

WS = draw the little letters but struggle with big letter DS = draw big letter but struggle with small letter

Question 26

What are the two visual-spatial processing theories for Williams syndrome?

Answer 26

- local processing bias theory - dorsal stream deficit hypothesis

Question 27

What does the local processing bias theory suggest about Williams syndrome?

Answer 27

a processing difference rather than a deficit - they bias their processing towards local things rather than global so report them more

Question 28

What does the dorsal stream deficit hypothesis suggest about Williams syndrome?

Answer 28

they show a difference in their dorsal stream processing

Question 29

What does the dorsal stream do (in relation to the dorsal stream deficit hypothesis)?

Answer 29

track the location or movement of individual items of elements

Question 30

What happened when testing TD with WS children on patterns to do with motion and form?

Answer 30

- all worse at motion at age 4-5 (dorsal stream) - TD performance equalised by age 15 - Some WS didn't equalise by 15 - some WS were impaired on both form and motion

Question 31

What happened when WS patients were doing matching or judgement tasks in fMRI?

Answer 31

reduced activation in parietal lobe areas of the dorsal stream