B cell development

Question 1

passive immunity

Answer 1

• mediated by the transfer of per-formed antibodies

- ex: immune serum injected into a naive recipient

Question 2

active immunity

Answer 2

• mediated by an adaptive immune response to an antigen

- ex: infection or vaccination

Question 3

natural passive immunity

Answer 3

• maternal IgG present in newborn (from placenta transfer via the neonatal FcR
• IgA in milk (secretory IgA)

Question 4

artificial passive immunity

Answer 4

• injection of immunoglobulin
• RIG-rabies
• IVIG-intravenous immunoglobulin
• monoclonal antibody

Question 5

natural active immunity

Answer 5

-infection with a pathogen

Question 6

artificial active immunity

Answer 6

• immunization

- with a killed or attenuated pathogen

Question 7

half life of IgG is what? and why is this important?

Answer 7

• 3 to 4 weeks
• this is important because a baby is born with his mothers IgG which only lasts so long because he is not producing more of it

Question 8

how are immunoglobulins prepared that have a high titer for specific pathogens?

Answer 8

using sera from donors that are immune to a particular pathogen

Question 9

treating a possible rabies infection

Answer 9

• RIG is given on day zero which will give the patient passive immunity and therefore immediate protection from the virus
• post exposure rabies vaccine is also administered and will take about 2 weeks to create a protective active immune response

Question 10

IVIG

Answer 10

• intravenous immunoglobulin
• prepared from the pooled sera from thousands of donors
• screened for a variety of pathogens by assaying for specific antibodies or pathogen DNA/RNA

Question 11

how does the FDA let us use IVIG

Answer 11

• primary humoral immunodeficiency diseases
• children with HIV
• also used to treat certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
• immunomodulating effects are not well understood

Question 12

how to produce monoclonal antibodies

Answer 12

• fuse cells from a mouse immunized for a condition
• fuse the mouse cells with mouse myeloma cells
• the product becomes an immortal hybrid
• screen for cells that are producing antibody
• culture those individually and collect antibodies
• Ab producing cells called hybridomas

Question 13

ELISA

Answer 13

• coat a plate with antigen
• add blocking protein to block sites on plastic that are unbound by antigen
• introduce antibody labeled with enzyme
• introduce substrate in order to localize the antigen

Question 14

a home pregnancy test is what?

Answer 14

an elisa assay for hCG

• hCG from the urine binds antibodies in the kit that have covalently bound dye
• this hCG/Ab complex then binds an Ab attached to a surface in the kit in order to establish the line that is used for the reading

Question 15

why arent direct mouse monoclonal antibodies used to treat human disease? what can we do

Answer 15

• our body body will creat anti-mouse Ig

- we can engineer the mouse Ig as chimeric or humanized antibodies to reduce their immunogenicity in patients

Question 16

chimeric antibodies

Answer 16

• created in a mouse for a specific antigen

- the variable regions are the tranlocated to a human constant region

Question 17

humanised antibodies

Answer 17

• created initially in a mouse to a specific antigen
• just the CDR from the variable region is then spliced onto a human antibody
• CDR is the only the region of the antibody that binds the epitope