What is cell differentiation?
The process by which unspecialised cells develop structures for specific functions.
What is a specialised cell?
A cell adapted structurally and functionally for a particular role.
Why do multicellular organisms need specialised cells?
Because different functions require different structures to maintain efficiency.
How do stem cells relate to specialisation?
They can divide and differentiate into specialised cell types.
What is the benefit of stem cell potency?
Allows organisms to replace, repair, and grow tissues.
What is the role of epithelial cells?
Form protective layers and regulate substance exchange.
How are ciliated epithelial cells specialised?
They have cilia that move mucus or substances across surfaces.
How are root hair cells specialised?
Large surface area and thin cell wall to maximise water and ion uptake.
Why do root hair cells require many mitochondria?
Active transport of ions into the plant requires energy.
How are palisade cells specialised?
Packed with chloroplasts for maximum light absorption in photosynthesis.
How are sperm cells specialised?
Flagellum for movement, acrosome with enzymes, and many mitochondria for energy.
How are red blood cells specialised?
No nucleus and biconcave shape to maximise oxygen-carrying capacity.
Why do red blood cells lack a nucleus?
Creates more space for haemoglobin to transport oxygen.
How are nerve cells specialised?
Long axons and insulated myelin sheaths for rapid electrical conduction.
Why do neurons have many dendrites?
To form multiple connections for efficient communication.
How are muscle cells specialised?
contain many mitochondria and contractile proteins for movement.
What is the importance of surface area to volume ratio in specialised cells?
Higher SA:V improves diffusion efficiency for transport processes.
Why do exchange surfaces require thin walls?
Short diffusion distance increases rate of gas or nutrient exchange.
What is the adaptation of alveoli?
Thin walls, moist lining, large surface area, and rich blood supply for efficient gas exchange.
What is the purpose of having a rich blood supply in exchange organs?
Maintains steep concentration gradients for rapid diffusion.
How are xylem vessels specialised?
Hollow tubes with lignin for structural support and water transport.
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Why do phloem cells require companion cells?
They provide ATP for active transport in translocation.
How do structural adaptations relate to function in specialised cells?
Organelles and shapes optimise efficiency for their specific role.
