1
Q
what is the BA set we use called
A
interspiro self contained BA set (SCBA)
2
Q
what does the interspiro SCBA BA set come with
A
- BA computer (BAC)
- integrated ADSU
- Digital Display Unit (DDU)
- carbon fibre composite air cylinders
3
Q
the interspiro SCBA BA set is a modular design, what 5 parts does it have
A
- incurve-E backplate and harness
- cylinder
- pneumatics
- facemask (inspire H pos. pressure mask)
- spiroGuideII DDU
4
Q
name features of incurve-E backplate and harness
A
-height adjusted at hips (4points)
-facemask retaining clip located on right shoulder strap
-more weight at hips than shoulders to lower burns there (around 3/4 ratio)
AE (anti-entanglement strap) located at top of harness (roved through and onto of air cylinder)
5
Q
where is the cylinder band located and what does it do
A
located at top of backplate and is used to secure the cylinder in place!
6
Q
what are the 3 hoses used on a Interspiro SCBA BA set and what do they do?
A
- High pressure hose (middle hose), carries air from manifold to gauge and audible warning device on set
- Medium pressure hose (thickest hose), carries reduced pressure from the regulators to the facemask and breathing valve
- Electrical wire (from BAC TO DDU)
7
Q
what does the DDU display
A
- on screen start up guide (general tests of BA set)
- cylinder pressure (analogue and digital readings)
- tally key (slots in top of DDU and is handed to ECO before entry and collected at end)
- electronic low pressure warning device (activates at 65bar by BAC and whistles until off)
- LED backlights for use in dark
8
Q
where is the BAC located ?
A
mounted on cylinder manifold and connected via cable to DDU
9
Q
what are some of the BA wearers responsibilities before use
A
- ensure tests on set are complete
- report defects to supervisory manager
- manage own air at all times
- ensure brief is fully understood before entering job)
- complete pre entry check (full body, face,hands covered)
- hand BA tally to ECO
- full PPE worn at all times
- test equip before entering risk area
- check cylinder contents immediately before entering risk area
- monitor pressure gauge/air consumption
- ensure face fit seal (in clean air)
10
Q
what are the BA wearers responsibilities during use
A
- COMMS (regularly with teammate and Entry Control)
- respond to any distress signal units
- memorise in/out route
- transmit/recieve radio messages
- monitor climate and hazards
- report to BA entry control any issues!
11
Q
what are the BA wearers responsibilities after use
A
- report back to BA sector after collecting tallies
- assist team with debriefing if needed
- draw basic plan of routes, hazards etc if needed
- if suffering from heat stress (relax PPE when instructed), cool down, rehydrate, rest and recoup.
- report any near misses, injuries etc immediately
12
Q
if you wear BA for hard shift. how long should you rest and drink
A
1 hr rest and 1L water
13
Q
if you wear BA for less difficult wear what’s your rest time and water consumption
A
30mins rest and 500ml water
14
Q
what are the post BA wear hygiene routine
A
- ASAP wash and clean hands to lower contamination risk
- ensure kit cleaned fully, cylinders recharged and testes again
15
Q
what are the duties of a BA team leader
A
- experienced BA wearer
- brief team fully before entry
- coordinate gauge checks
- ensure return to ECP before TOW (TIME OF WHISTLE)
- assess/monitor contitions
- update ECO using radio comms of changes to conditions etc
- respond to any distress signals
16
Q
what is full duration
A
period where BA expected to provide respiratory protection from moment cylinder valve opened until contents exhausted
17
Q
what is working duration
A
period where BA expected to provide respiratory protection from moment cylinder valve opened until moment where low pressure warning whistle starts to operate
18
Q
what is the safety margin
A
period during which the low pressure warning whistle operates
19
Q
what is the composition of air for inhalation and expiration
A
inhalation-nitrogen 79%,O2 21%, C02 0.03%
expiration -nitrogen 79%, 02 17%, CO2 4%
20
Q
name factors affecting BRs (breathing rates)
A
- increased temp.
- smoke,toxic fumes and carbon monoxide
- work rate
- fitness
- illness
- mental/emtional state
21
Q
how is heat lost on us
A
- vaporisation (lungs) 15%
- convection (movement of air on skin) 10%
- evaporation, sweating, breathing 25%
- radiation (infra red waves off our bodies) 50%
22
Q
how is heat loss restricted for FFs
A
- fire kit (traps heat in)
- SCBA sets
- GTS
- environment (temp, humidity etc)
- work rate
- weather (sunny etc)
23
Q
name 2 medical conditions associated with BA
A
- heat exhaustion (fixable)
- heat stroke (very rarely fixable)
24
Q
what is heat exhaustion and name some symptoms
A
caused by excessive sweating.
- through fluid loss = more viscous blood, stiffening of arteries
- through electrolyte loss=cramps,headaches, nausea,collapse
*symptoms =weakness, dizziness, confusion,fast/shallow breathing
25
what is heat stroke and name symptoms
very rare, body can't regulate own temp effectively
-symptoms=irrational, rapid bonding pulse, hot/dry flushed skin (early stages). ,drop/stop sweating, rapid increase in temp, collapse, coma,death (latter stages)
26
what are pyschological effects of excessive heat
- higher mental confusion
- lower cognitive skills
- aggression
- underestimate conditions
27
what are physiological effects of excessive heat
- lower work rate
- fatigue fast
- lower performance
- less manipulative skills
28
why is a BA board needed
- ensure safe ops.
- must be implemented as soon as decision taken to use BA
- IC applies appropriate level of control
29
name things considered when siting BA board
- size of risk area
- location of access points
- wind direction
- physical limitations of site
- likely development of incident
- is area safe
- no of floors involved
30
what are the 4 things in "take a knee"
- Refernce (location of search)
- Exit(s) (in buildings etc)
- Situation (gauge check, welfare,conditions)
- Talk (comms w/ each other and control board, share info)
31
when do you use rapid deployment
in exceptional circumstances
32
what are the 4 situations when rapid deployment is used
- immediate risk to life (in known local)
- limited resources (FF media or FFs)
- max BA wearers =2
- prevent sig. escalation (to buildings etc)
33
what are BA wearers responsibilities in rapid deployment
- record deets. on tally
| - check each others tallies/gauges(place in rapid deployment slot on BA board)
34
state Stage 1
| procedures
- small unprotracted fires
- no more than 1 ECP
- 6 BA wearers max!
- no more than 3 BA teams (of 2)
35
name 8 duties of Stage 1 ECO of BA
- don black +yellow tabard
- take up pos nominated by IC
- provide ECB (entry control board) complete
- indicate Stage 1 on ECB
- receive and check tallies from BA wearers(make changes if needed)
- enter Time in on each tally
- place tallies in board (bracket 2 together = 1 team)
- calculate TOP for each team
- confirm brief w/ team
- inform IC of prolonged comm drops
36
state Stage II procedures
- large protracted fires
- if more than 6 BA wearers or guidelines used
- more than 3 BA teams
- more than 1 ECP
- emergency teams
* appriopriate no of emergency team to all ECPs
* equal/greater than largest BA team (in numbers of wearers)
37
name duties of Stage II ECO in BA
(all of Stage 1 plus)
- have ECPS as practicable (Min rank CM)
- ensure ECB states Stage II in use
- check TOW calculations
- ensure BA teams are relived@scene of ops in sufficient time to allow return to ECP before TOW
- have sufficient relief teams at least 5mins before due to enter
- sync clock with 1st board in use
- attach BA main and branch guidelines, annotate board accordingly
- initiate emergency procedure when needed
38
what are the ECPS duties in BA
* optional @Stage I (min rank CM)
* established @Stage II (min rank CM)
- don appropriante tabard
- recieve briefing from ECO
- assume responsibilities briefing BA crews
- notify IC/SC/BASC that ECPS in place
- gather info from BA teams
- liase w/ other IC/SC/BASC/ECPSs
39
what is min allowance for BA re-entry and what are conditions to allow
* 160Bar Min!!
- only allowed if task is specific (isolate electric)
- no doubt of FF fitness
- fresh record for all team members involved
40
when would emergency procedure in BA occur
- team fails to return to ECP by TOW
- ADSU goes off
- if BA wearer in distress
- immediate failure of coms
- loss of BA team (locations)
- if environment worsens
41
what equip is needed for emergency teams
- radio
- suplementary air supply (spare BA set/EASE equip)
- TIC
- DDU key
- other FF media same as team previous or more
42
define combustion
chemical reaction between fuel and 02 leading to energy (heat and light)
43
what makes the triangle of fire
- 02 (air)
- fuel
- heat
44
what are the 3 types of fire spread
- radiation
- conduction
- convection
45
how to extinguish fire using triangle of fire
- heat=cooling (water and other properties)
- 02=smothering (fire blankets)
- fuel=starving it (removal of fuel, eg turn off gas)
46
define pyrolysis
chemical decomposition of a substance due to appplication of heat leading to production of flammable vapours.
-when mixed w/ 02 if ignited can combust and will produce more heat!
47
what are passives (contents of room)
-items take no part in combustion
-absorb or steal energy (heat)
eg;walls
48
what are actives (contents of room)
-contribute in combustion
-give off energy (heat)
eatables,carpets,Tlights
49
why is water a great passive
because it has high specific latent heat (takes large energy/heat) to change it from water to steam.continues to absorb huge amounts of energy /heat from fire even when it turns to steam!
50
what is a diffused flame
eg candle
- not mixed prior to ignition
- unclean burn (dark vapours given off)
- cooler flame (orange/red)
- less noisy (due to lower velocity)
- less effecient
51
what is a pre mixed flame
eg Bunsen burner
- gases mixed prior to ignition
- cleaner burn
- hotter flame (blue)
- noiser (due to increased velocity)
- more efficient
52
what are the limits of flammability
-LEL (lower explosive limit=too lean)
-UEL (upper explosive limit=too rich)
IM (ideal mixture)
53
what are the effects of tempreture for fires
- flashpoint
- fire point
- auto ignition
54
what is the flashpoint
lowest temp where sufficient vapour given off by substance that when ignited, vapours will momentarily ignite but not continue to burn
55
what is fire point
lowest temp where substance provides sufficient vapour that when ignition is introduced will continue to burn
56
what is auto ignition
lowest temp @ which substance provides sufficient vapour where its hot enough to ignite without ignition source
57
what is flashover
the stage where the total thermal radiation, fire plume, hot gases and hot compartment boundaries lead to all exposable combustable surfaces to pyrolyse and ignite when there's adequate ventilation.
-sudden and sustained transition of growing fire to fully developed fire (fire in room-room on fire)
58
what is backdraft
where limited ventilation can lead to fire in compartment producing fire gases containing sig proportions of partial combustion products/unburn pyrolysis products. when accumulated, admission of air (opening made to compartment) leads to deflegration (moves through compartment and out of opening)
-subsonic explosion
59
signs of impending flashover
- supply of fresh/ventilated air
- lowering neutral plane
- remote surfaces pyrolysing
- flames visible in gas layer
- rapid increase in temp.
60
signs of backdraught
- history of fire
- pulsating smoke
- black windows (char)
- hot doors/window
- low neutral plane (on ground)
- inrush of air when opening made
- whistling
- under ventilated fire
- ghosting tongues of flame in compartment
61
what is fire gas ignition
gases from compartment fire leak into adjacent compartment and mix with the air within its additional area. this may then fall within appriopriate flammable limits that if ignited, creates an increase in either w/ /without explosive force
62
what are the considerations when cutting cables in BA
- have cutters with set
- cut only if necessary
- check if electricity is isolated
- beware of cutting air supply to mask
- cut @arms length
- cut cables away from you
- if BA partner cuts cable, protect your own air supply (face protect like scuba diver entry)
63
what are BA guidelines used for
to enable teams in risk area to retrace their steps back t ECP and enable subsequent teams to locate them/scene of ops.
64
when are BA guidelines considered
- when entering/searching in thick smoke
- in flooded area where hose lines are submerged
- when hose is being hauled aloft
- when entry is to be made in high expansion foam
65
what are the component parts of a BA guideline
- snap hooks at 1 end of line
- spliced know at other end (150mm in size)
- 2.5m line between tabs
- on line there's 2 tabs (1knotted 1 not) 150mm distance between these
* KNOT=OUT (way out, follow this to ECP)
- 60m in total length
66
what are the BA guidelines tallies
- 2x tallies (a and b)
- both circular yellow tallies 75mm diameter
- 4xbranch guideline tallies
- all rectangular (100mmx50mm in diameter)
- 1,2,3,4 drilled holes in tally for no of lines
67
who attached BA guideline tallies
BAECO!
68
BA guideline procedures =
- attached to immovable object outside of risk area by BAECO before BA teams enter risk area, unless being used to extend existing guideline to/from branch line
- ECO instructs teams what guideline they use
- guide container attached to member of BA nominated to lay the guideline
- secured at intervals (suitable) along side of risk area
- if deep penetration suspected then secondary line is taken
69
what team has priority in BA
OUTGOING (incoming team will take a knee and line up behind no 1, to allow outgoing team to pass easier)
70
how many main guidelines are used
- only 1 laid along any single route from ECP to scene of ops
- no more than 2 main guidelines used @any ECP
71
when are branch guidelines used
- when searching more than 6m from main guidelines
- attached to main guideline (in-between the 2 tabs )
- tied along in same manner
- mo more than 4 from ECP
- lines designated 1,2,3,4 by tally affixed by ECO to branch guideline before entry
- only ECO removes main and branch guideline tallies when removed from risk area
72
what are the 2 types of fire
- fuel limited (plenty of 02, burning efficiently, products of combustion removed)
- ventilaition limited (less 02, majority in compartments)
73
define ventilation
removal of heated air, smoke, airborne contaminants from structure and replaced with new, cooler air
74
what are positive effects of ventilation
- improved ventialtion
- lower heat
- higher breathing air to casualties
- less fire spread and damage
- lower environmental impact
75
what are negative effects of ventilation
- accellerate fire growth (fuels 02 to fire)
- force smoke towards previously unaffected areas
- higher potential flashover/backdraught
76
name ventilation methods
-self ventilation (openings made with us)
-automatic ventilation (AFAs)
-tactical ventialtion (upwind/downwind)
-forced ventilation =
positive pressure ventilation (fans)
negative pressure ventilation
77
what is ventilation principles
HIGH PRESSURE ALWAYS FLOWS TO LOW PRESSURE
78
what are outlet vent positioning and size
- must be downwind
- as close as poss to affected area
- as high as poss in compartment
- must be opened before inlet
79
what are inlet poss and size
- upwind
- should be low (opposite inlet)
- only made after outlet is opened
80
what are the PPV phases
- phase 1 (used to clear smoke post fire only)
- phase 2 (fire located but burning under control)
- phase 3 (offensive use before crews are committed)
81
what are the types of fan
- sealing
| - turbo
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