Back overview and bones

Question 1

trunk general components:

Answer 1

• chest (thoracic)
• abdomen
• pelvis
• back
• loin (lumbar)

Question 2

define back general:

Answer 2

• post aspect of trunk

- musculoskeletal axis of support for the trunk

Question 3

back: functions and movements

Answer 3

• support
• posture/ movement
• protection

ext/ flex
lateral flexion
rotation

Question 4

list bones of the trunk/ back:

Answer 4

• vertebrae
• ribs
• hip bones
• skull

Question 5

list joints of back:

Answer 5

• atlanto-occipital
• intervertebral
• costovertebral
• sacroiliac

Question 6

list extrinsic muscles: and inn

Answer 6

• upper limb
• thoracic wall
• anterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 7

list intrinsic muscles: and inn

Answer 7

• vertebral column
• head
• ribs (relative to vertebral column)
• post rami of spinal nerves

Question 8

bones of axial skeleton:

Answer 8

• skull
• vertebral column
• thoracic cage

Question 9

bones of appendicular skeleton:

Answer 9

upper limb:
- pectoral girdle + free upper limb

lower limb:
- pelvis girdle + free lower limb

Question 10

importance of occipital bone:

Answer 10

• foramen magnum (spinal cord)
• occipital condyles
• superior/ inf nuchal lines
• external occipital protuberance

Question 11

vertebral column: general features

Answer 11

33- 26 vertebrae
- 25% from IV discs

• cervical (7)
• thoracic (12)
• lumbar (5)
• sacrum (5)
• coccyx (4)

Question 12

vertebral body: features

Answer 12

• strength to vertebral column and supports body weight
• spongy bone in think layer of compact bone
• rich in hematopoetic red bone
• (superior/ inferior surfaces) covered w hyaline cartilage disc - epiphyseal rim

Question 13

list (9) features of typical vertebrae:

Answer 13

• lamina
• pedicle
• vertebral arch
• body
• vertebral foramen
• spinous process
• transverse process
• superior articular processes
• inferior articular processes

Question 14

special features of cervical vertebrae:

Answer 14

• small
• vertebral + 2 transverse foramen
• bifid spinous process
• relatively thick IV discs

Question 15

special features of thoracic vertebrae:

Answer 15

• larger
• vertebral foramen
• long thickish spinous process
• articular facets for ribs
• relatively thin IV dics

Question 16

special features of lumbar vertebrae:

Answer 16

• largest
• vertebral foramen
• short/ blunt spinous process
• massive IV discs

Question 17

cervical vertebrae: general features + movements

Answer 17

• nearly horizontal orientation of articular facets
• greatest range and variety of movement
• free flex/ ext, lateral flexion some, restricted rotation

Question 18

atlas: atypical features

Answer 18

• ant/ post tubercles
• lateral mass
• articular surface for dens of axis
• C1

Question 19

axis: atypical features

Answer 19

• C2

- dens

Question 20

eg. hangmans fracture

Answer 20

• tension breaks vertebrae, damage spinal cord

- head forced back

Question 21

eg. os odontoideum

Answer 21

• dens developed detached from C2

- mostly asymptomatic

Question 22

eg. vertebra prominens

Answer 22

• C7
• long spinous process
• small/ absent transverse foramen

Question 23

thoracic vertebra: general features

Answer 23

• attaches to rib cage
• orientation of articular facets and overlapping spinous processes - limits flexion, ext, lateral flexion
• BUT high degree of rotation

Question 24

list atypical thoracic vertebrae:

Answer 24

• T1-T4

- T9-T12

Question 25

lumbar vertebrae: movements

Answer 25

- flexion - ext - lateral flex - NO rotation

Question 26

spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis:

Answer 26

spondylolysis: fracture of spinous process spondylolisthesis: complete fracture