Sun Down Frequency
Magnetic Bearing =
Relative Bearing + Magnetic Heading
Modify terminal info during PBN
Single Side Band SSB used in:
frequency = speed of light / wavelength
-> wavelength = speed of light / frequency
NDB at night
Range Increase Accuracy Decrease
NDB is used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platform:
+/- 5 degrees ADF
+/- 2 degrees VDF
Quadrantal error + Scalloping + Night effect + Costal effect
Quadrantal error (NDB)
Scalloping (VOR)
Night effect (ADF)
Costal effect ( NDB signals bends when crossing the shore line)
ILS + VOR
ILS مفرد
VOR مجوز
2 beams AWR?
2 modes AWR?
Fixed Radius Transition (FRT) -
used with en-route procedures.
RNAV 10 -
oceanic
RNAV 5 -
enroute/arrival
RNAV 2 -
enroute/arrival/departure
RNAV 1 -
arrival/departure
RNP4 -
oceanic
RNP2 -
enroute
Glide path provides guidance down to:
A1A =
BFO
A2A =
ADF