Basic Bacteria Genetics and Classification

Question 1

Mutation - base pairs

Answer 1

• Replacement
• Deletion
• Insertion

Question 2

Mutation - base pairs Effects

Answer 2

• Missense
• Nonsense
• Frame shift

Question 3

Recombination

Answer 3

Question 4

GC: Antigenic Variation

Answer 4

• Pili and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) mediate attachment
• Both are antigenic
• In vitro antigenic types change

-Shift is accelerated by antibody to dominant antigenic type

• Different antigenic types have been isolated from the same patient
• GC - takes place during infection
• Many, many more antigenic types

Question 5

GC: Gene Regulation Opa genetics

Answer 5

Question 6

Genetic Exchange

Answer 6

Genome segments (genes) exchanged between bacteria

Mechanisms

• Transformation
• Conjugation
• Transduction

Question 7

Transformation

Answer 7

Question 8

Transduction

Answer 8

Question 9

Conjugation

Answer 9

Question 10

Integrating DNA from Transduction and Conjugation

Answer 10

Transposable elements are genetic units that are capable of mediating their own transfer from one chromosome to another, from one location to another on the same chromosome, or between chromosome and plasmid. This transposition relies on their ability to synthesize their own site-specific recombination enzymes, called transposases. The major kinds of transposable elements are insertion sequence (IS) elements, transposons (Tn), and certain phages. Transposition accomplishes genetic exchange between the chromosome and/or plasmids of the same bacterial cell or its descendants. It does not bring external genetic material as occurs with transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Question 11

Inssertion Sequences

Answer 11

• Insertion sequence elements are small segments of DNA which encode enzymes for site-specific recombination and have distinctive nucleotide sequences at their termini.
• Only genes involved in transposition are included in IS elements
• If an IS element transposes to a new site within a gene, it alters or destroys the activity of the gene.

Question 12

Transposons

Answer 12

• Transposons include IS elements PLUS DNA containing genes beyond those needed for transposition
• The additional genes may code for such properties as antimicrobial resistance, substrate metabolism, or other functions.

Question 13

Specimens

Answer 13

Question 14

Microscopy

Answer 14

Question 15

Culture

Answer 15

Question 16

Phenotypic Characteristics

Answer 16

Question 17

Genotypic Characteristics

Answer 17