Basic Fire Science (TEST 5)

Question 1

But on the fire ground of today, we cannot afford to standby waiting for things to happen and then adjust our tactics to fit the requirements of the moment. Rather, we must anticipate present and future changes and take __________________.

Answer 1

pre-emptive action

Question 2

(Variables that influence air) Reminder:

A fire grows in _________________ to the volume of oxidizer available to it.

Answer 2

direct proportion

Question 3

(Variables that influence air) Modern Container Design

Design elements such as:

• __________________
• __________________

Answer 3

• Open floor plans

- Tall, vaulted ceilings

Question 4

(Variables that influence air) Modern Container Design

Can produce hazards such as:

• _________________ far from the fire’s point of origin
• Heat build-up _________________ due to convection currents
• Unimpeded ________________ throughout the structure
• Prolonged ________________

Answer 4

• Toxic environments
• in remote locations
• smoke spread

smoke fill times

Question 5

(Variables that influence air) Modern Container Design

These structures are also:

-______________________
-______________________
-______________________
—Number, size, location of openings

Answer 5

• More energy efficient
• More encapsulating
• Less structurally restrictive

Question 6

(Variables that influence air) Modern Contents

• _________________ and/or hydrocarbon-based materials
• Far more plentiful
• _______________________
• _______________________

Answer 6

• Primarily synthetic
• Increasingly energy dense
• Highly volatile (High HRR)

Question 7

(Variables that influence air) Occupants

-Distracted
-Lacking:
•___________
•___________
•___________

Answer 7

• Knowledge
• Understanding
• Ability

Question 8

Occupants variables: When combine, these…

• ________________________________
• __________________________ structures
• Distracted, underinformed people (being people)

…Often produce a hazard far beyond what we might expect

Answer 8

• Energy dense, high release rate fuels

- Encapsulating, energy efficient

Question 9

(Variables that influence air) Flashover Comparison

Modern structures, furnished with modern fuels are capable of creating flashover conditions _____________ than their legacy counterparts

Answer 9

8X faster

Question 10

Every kilogram of oxygen used in the combustion of common organic materials results in the release of ________ of energy

Answer 10

13.1 MJ

Question 11

(Flow Paths) Definition:

“The movement of heat, smoke and air _______________________________________ both inside and outside of a fire building.”

Answer 11

from areas of higher pressure to all other lower air pressure areas

Question 12

(Flow Paths) Frequency of Occurrence

Part of every fire environment as a result of natural and/or artificial means:

• Natural - __________________ flows
• Artificial - _________ flows

Answer 12

• Buoyancy-induced

- Forced

Question 13

(Flow Paths) Incipient Stage

Difficult to detect due to:

• ______________________
• _________ of products of combustion (P.O.C.) into the surrounding atmosphere

Answer 13

• Minimal smoke production

- Diffusion

Question 14

(Flow Paths) Incipient Stage

Developing in the form of:

• Heated gases _________ and _________ above the fire
• Cooler gases being __________ and __________ the fire below

Answer 14

• rising
• mixing
• displaced
• drawn into

Question 15

(Flow Paths) Incipient Stage

As compartment temp. increases:

• ______________________
• ______________________

Answer 15

• Heat release rates increase

- Flame height increases

Question 16

(Flow Paths) Incipient Stage

Leading to increases in:

• ________________________
• ________________________

Answer 16

• Visible smoke production

- Intra-compartmental pressure differentials

Question 17

(Flow Paths) Growth Phase, Transitioning into Growth Stage

If O2 is adequate:

_____ from the fire ______________________

This fuel will combust resulting in __________

Answer 17

• Heat
• will evolve additional fuel

-more heat

Question 18

(Flow Paths) Growth Phase

This can be visualized by observing the smoke:

1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________

Answer 18

1. Increasing in volume
2. Increasing in velocity
3. Establishing the neutral plane

Question 19

Visualization of the neutral plane provides information about:

• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________
• _____________________

Answer 19

• The fire’s location
• The fire’s state of development
• The efficiency of openings
• The type/direction of flow

Question 20

Despite the wide variety of containers and fire types, there are only a few basic types of air/fire flow that we need to be concerned with:

• ______________
• ______________
• ___________________

Answer 20

• Bi-directional
• Unidirectional
• Multidirectional (i.e. overflows)

Question 21

(Bi-Directional) Variables that can affect this type of flow:

• HRR, pressure differentials
• Opening - size, proximity, _________
• Interior layout, etc.

Answer 21

location

Question 22

(Unidirectional)

Each opening involved will develop in natural inward (cold) or outward (hot) flow bases upon such variables as:

• Exterior wind and humidity
• _____________________ and __________ of openings
• Configuration of interior pathways (i.e. barriers)
• Initiating _________________

Answer 22

• Size, proximity, elevation
• location

-pressure differential

Question 23

(Multidirectional/Overflows)

Due to fire growth rates and/or exhaust (hot side) opening insufficiency:

-___________________ within the container in an attempt to ________________________.

Answer 23

• Multiple flow paths occur

- equalize growing pressure differentials

Question 24

(Door Control)

When properly controlled and maintained, tactical flow paths can:

• ______________
• ______________
• ______________
• ______________

Answer 24

• Remove smoke/toxic gases
• Control the fire’s growth
• Extend survivability time
• Release excess pressure

Question 25

(Door Control) If not properly controlled and maintained, flow paths can lead to: - __________________ - __________________ - __________________ - _________________________________ - __________________

Answer 25

- Heat release rate increases - Decreases in interior visibility - Diminishing survivability - Increased probability of Backdraft and/or smoke explosion - Increased threats to crews inside

Question 26

Smoke is _________

Answer 26

FUEL

Question 27

(Smoke) Evolved to a ________________ as a result of incomplete combustion

Answer 27

gaseous state

Question 28

(Smoke) Often ______________ to or above its auto-ignition temperature

Answer 28

pre-heated

Question 29

As described, smoke is comprised of several different components: - ______________ - ______________ - ______________ - ______________ - ______________

Answer 29

- Solids - Vapors - Gases - Suspended particulates - Ignitable fuels

Question 30

(Reading Smoke) By evaluating four of smoke’s main attributes, we can have a better understanding of what we may be facing inside. Those attributes are: - ______________ - ______________ - ______________ - ______________

Answer 30

- Volume - Velocity - Density - Color

Question 31

The size (volume) of the container must be considered when making this evaluation as the two ______________________.

Answer 31

volumes are relative

Question 32

Velocity is a measure of how quickly the smoke is exiting the structure. It is an indicator of: - _________ - _________

Answer 32

- heat | - pressure

Question 33

Velocity is a measure of how quickly the smoke is exiting the structure. _______________ is an indicator of: - Lower heat - Lower pressure

Answer 33

Laminar smoke

Question 34

Velocity is a measure of how quickly the smoke is exiting the structure. ________________ indicates: - Higher heat - Higher pressure

Answer 34

Turbulent smoke

Question 35

Turbulence smoke contains a lot of energy. -It is a result of _____________ from the container

Answer 35

radiant feedback

Question 36

Turbulence smoke contains a lot of energy. -This smoke has been ____________ by the restrictions of the container and will rise and expand quickly upon exiting.

Answer 36

pressurized

Question 37

Turbulence smoke contains a lot of energy. Turbulent smoke is a good indicator of ____________ and/or _____________________________.

Answer 37

- flashover | - fully developed burning that is ventilation limited

Question 38

The denser the smoke, the ________________________

Answer 38

higher the concentration of fuel

Question 39

The color of smoke can give indication as to: - What __________ is burning - What _________ the fire is in - __________ smoke has traveled from its source

Answer 39

- material - stage - Distance

Question 40

The benefits of understanding flow paths and reading smoke really reveals itself when put into application during daily/routine responses. One way of doing this is through the acronym… _____________

Answer 40

SLICERS

Question 41

``` S - _________________ L - _________________ I - _________________ C - _________________ E - _________________ S - _________________ ```

Answer 41

``` (Sequential Actions) S - Size up L - Locate the fire I - Identify and control flow path(s) C - Cool the space from the safest location E - Extinguish the fire ``` (Actions of Opportunity) R - Rescue S - Salvage

Question 42

S - Size up This process is: - __________ - __________ - __________ - __________

Answer 42

- Ongoing - Universal - Necessary - Specific

Question 43

(Size up) Is one of the _________________ and _____________ skills on the fireground

Answer 43

- most undervalued | - under-utilized

Question 44

(Size up) Ideally should consist of assessing the incident’s: Fixed Factors: •___________ •___________ •___________ ``` Variable Factors: •___________ •___________ •___________ •___________ •___________ ```

Answer 44

Fixed Factors: •Building •Occupancy •Arrangement ``` Variable Factors: •Fire •Life hazards**** •Action •Resources •Special circumstances ```

Question 45

What type of basement is it? * ___________ * ___________ * ___________ * ___________

Answer 45

* Walk-out * Look-out * Walk-up * Restricted access

Question 46

(Doing a 360º scene assessment) Identify the need for __________________

Answer 46

specialized resources

Question 47

(L - Locating the fire) * Allows for adjustments to the IAP * Provides incident critical information * Sets predictable timelines * Assists in making resource determinations * Streamlines the deployment of resources * ___________________

Answer 47

INCREASES INCIDENT SAFETY

Question 48

(I - Identify and control existing and potential flow paths) Effort must be made to: - ___________________ - ___________________

Answer 48

- Control existing and potential openings | - Prevent non-tactical flow reversals

Question 49

Once “I” has been accomplished: •_____________ •_____________ can commence

Answer 49

* Cooling | * Extinguishment

Question 50

(C - Cooling from a safe location) Cooling from the safest location __________ mean applying water from an exterior position only.

Answer 50

does not

Question 51

(C - Cooling from a safe location) Simply put, it is applying a sufficient stream of water into the fire’s environment to ______________ or, in other words, to take enough energy out of it to allow for safe and complete extinguishment from a more proximal position.

Answer 51

reset the fire

Question 52

When engaged in __________ operations, fire personnel must: Coordinate their efforts with: - ___________ - ___________ - ___________ Understanding what effect their actions may have on: - ___________ - ___________ - ___________

Answer 52

-cooling - Search/Rescue - Ventilation - Other fireground personnel - Flow paths - Victims - Interior conditions

Question 53

(E - Extinguishment) Care must also be given when transitioning from cooling to final extinguishment: - ______________________________ - Personnel should remember to tactically ventilate as necessary - Continue to observe flow paths

Answer 53

-Timing and method selection are critical

Question 54

(R - Rescue) ______________________________________

Answer 54

Rescue, like salvage, is considered an action of opportunity

Question 55

_________ cannot/should not be used as a alibi or excuse to mask inappropriate or overly risky behavior

Answer 55

RESCUE

Question 56

Certain situations simply _________ present a rescue problem

Answer 56

will not

Question 57

“The door (to the fire area) should be kept shut while the water is being brought, and the air excluded as much as possible, _______________________________________________”

Answer 57

as the fire burns exactly in proportion to the quantity of air which it receives