biology > basic immunology > Flashcards

basic immunology Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

characteristics of a SIGN

A

can be OBSERVED and MEASURED (cough, rashes)

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2
Q

characteristics of a SYMPTOM

A

can be FELT and DESCRIBED (headaches, nausea)

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3
Q

what are INFECTIOUS diseases?

A

1.caused by PATHOGENS (disease causing organisms)

2.can be SPREAD from ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER
(influenza, HIV, pneumococcal disease, malaria)

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4
Q

infectious diseases can be spread in what ways?

A
  1. AIRBRONE DROPLETS
  2. DIRECT CONTACT OF BODY FLUIDS
  3. CONTAMINATED FOOD/WATER
  4. DISEASE VECTORS (organisms that is a carrier of infectious diseases between organisms of a different species)
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5
Q

what are NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES caused by?

A
  1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
  2. MALNUTRITION
  3. LIFESTYLE CHANGES
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6
Q

bacterium are what kind of cell

A

PROKARYOTES

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7
Q
A

UNICELLUAR organism WITHOUT A NUCLEUS and LACKS MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES

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8
Q

genetic material of bacterium?

A

SINGLE CIRCULAR DNA (plasmid vectors)

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9
Q

CELL WALL of bacterium is made of?

A

PEPITDOGLYCAN

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10
Q

other special characteristics of bacterium cell?

A
  1. small circular DNA molecules (PLASMIDS)
  2. one or more FLAGELLA
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11
Q

how do bacterial cells reproduce?

A

BINARY FISSION (divides into two parts)

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12
Q

similarities between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES?

A

both have:
1. CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE
2. CYTOPLASM
3. RIBOSOMES
4. DNA as their ONLY genetic material

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13
Q

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  1. size
    - eukaryotes > prokaryotes
  2. type of ribosomes
    - eukaryotes: 80S (60S large 40S small)
    - prokaryotes: 70S
  3. location of genetic material
    - eukaryotes : nucleus
    -prokaryotes: nucleoid
    d
  4. site of cellular respiration
    - eukaryotes: mitochondria
    - prokaryotes: cell surface membrane
  5. site of photosynthesis
    - eukaryotes: chloroplasts
    - prokaryotes: photosynthetic cell surface membrane
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14
Q

what can pneumococcal disease cause?

A
  1. middle ear, lung (pneumonia), blood infection
  2. spinal cord and brain membrane inflammation
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15
Q

what bacteria is pneumococcal disease caused by?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

what are the MODES OF TRANSMISSION for pneumococcal disease?

A
  1. airborne droplets
    (person inhales droplets, reaches alveoli of lungs and you’re screwed)
  2. contaminated surfaces
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17
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of pneumococcal disease?

A

MILD : pain, fever, swelling of affected body part
PNEUMONIA : chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, fever

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18
Q

how to DIAGNOSE pneumococcal disease?

A
  1. blood,urine,phlegm test
  2. chest x-ray
  3. spinal tap
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19
Q

TREATMENT and prevention for pneumococcal disease

A
  1. antibiotics
  2. vaccination
  3. avoid close contact with infected people
  4. wear a mask
  5. wash hands frequently
  6. avoid touching nose, eyes, mouth
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20
Q

what are viruses?

A

obligate (dependant on specific env condition) intracellular parasites that can reproduce within a host cell

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21
Q

why cant viruses multiply outside a living host cell?

Study These Flashcards
A

lack of cellular components and metabolic enzymes to carry out metabolism and synthesize proteins

utilise host cell metabolism to reproduce

22
Q

can viruses/bacteria be seen under a microscope

Study These Flashcards
A

largest virus (500nm) can barely be seen under a light microscope

bacteria can

23
Q

living characteristics of viruses

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. acquire and use energy
  2. reproduce at a very fast rate
  3. evolve through time, adapt to environment
24
Q

non-living characteristics of viruses

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. no organelles
  2. cannot carry out own metabolism or synthesize proteins
  3. does not grow, move, respire, feed or excrete
25
why are viruses host specific
ability to **interact** with **specific receptors (protein)** on the **host cell surface membrane** (proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayer)
26
structure of a virus
1. contain **genetic material (DNA/RNA)** enclosed within a **protein coat (capsid)** 2. **some** viruses have **enzymes within the capsid** 3. **some** viruses have a **membranous envelope**
27
how does INFLUENZA infect a cell?
* has a **membranous envelope** containing **specific projections made out of protein (antigens)**, which **attaches onto specific receptors of host cell**, gaining **entry** * cells take in virus though **endocytosis**
28
mode of transmission of INFLUENZA
1. **airborne droplets** 2. **contact with contaminated surfaces**
29
signs and symptoms of INFLUENZA (think of when ur down with flu)
1. **high fever** 2. **sore throat** 3. **nasal congestion** 4. **dry cough (no excessive mucus)** 5. **headache**
30
how to diagnose INFLUENZA
1. **signs and symptoms are present** 2. **laboratory tests**
31
treament and preventive measures for influenza
1. **antiviral drugs (blocking the release of virions from infected cells)** 2. **pain relievers** to alleviate symptoms of flu 3. **vaccines** 4. **same preventive measures mentioned for pneumococcal disease**
32
what are ANTIGENS?
* **surface membrane proteins** found on **pathogens** that are recognised by **leukocytes** * **bind** to **specific receptors** on **leukocyte's cell surface membrane**
33
how does a white blood cell respond to recognising an ANTIGEN?
* **secretes antibodies** **OR** * kills pathogen by **phagocytosis**
34
what is an immune response
a **mechanism** used by a **host** to **defend itself against foreign pathogens**
35
another term for red and white blood cells
red blood cell - **erythrocyte** white blood cell- **leukocyte**
36
where do blood cells arise from
**hematopoietic stem cells** found in the **bone marrow**
37
what process gives rise to blood cells
**hematopoiesis**
38
types of leukocytes (white blood cells)
1. **lymphocyte** 2. **neutrophil** 3. **macrophage**
39
details of a LYMPHOCYTE
**2nd most common** cytoplasm: **few or no granules** **little cytoplasm** nucleus: **round**
40
functions of a LYMPHOCYTE
* **B lymphocytes** mature into **plasma B cells** that **produce and secrete antibodies** *OR* **memory B cells** that provide **long term immunity**. * some **memory B cells** will **diffrentiate** into **plasma B cells**
41
details of a NEUTROPHIL
**most common** cytoplasm: **large, pale granules** containing **hydrolytic enzymes** nucleus: **multi-lobed**
42
functions of a neutrophil
* **engulf and destroy** foreign bodies via **phagocytosis** * **short lived** * **circulates the blood**
43
details of MACROPHAGE
**least comon** cytoplasm: **few to no granules** nucleus: **kidney bean shaped**
44
functions of a MACROPHAGE
* **engulf and destroy** foreign bodies via **phagocytosis** * **long lifespan** * **move freely**, found in **almost all organs and tissues**
45
what is a vaccine?
contains an **agent resembling a pathogen** and **prevents infectious diseases** by **stimulating lymphocytes to quickly produce antibodies** when the **pathogen invades**
46
what is an antibody?
* **proteins** secreted by **lymphocytes** that bind to **specific antigens on pathogen** * they can **kill pathogen directly** or **mark pathogen for further destruction** by **macrophages and neutrophils**
47
mode of action of vaccines
1. a **vaccine**, containing an **antigen**, enters the body 2. **antigen** binds to the **receptor of lymphocyte** that is complementary to shape of antigen, causes **lymphocyte** to **divide rapidly** and **differentiate** into **memory B cells** and **plasma B cells** 3. **plasma b cells** **secrete large amount of antibodies** into bloodstream 4. **antibodies** bind onto **antigen on the pathogen**, either **killing them** or **marking them for destruction** by **macrophages or neutrophils** 5. **memory B cells remain in body** and can **rapidly divide** or **differentiate into plasma B cells** during **future infections of the same pathogen** (**immunity**)
48
what is an antibiotic
**drug** used to treat **bacteria** by **interfering** with the **growth** and **metabolic activities** of bacteria
49
mode of action of ANTIBIOTICS
**inhibition of:** 1. **SYNTHESIS OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL** **prevents** synthesis of peptidolycan cell wall, causes bacteria to **expand, burst and die** by **osmosis** 2. **BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION** **breaks up** cell surface membrane 3. **RIBOSOME FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS** **binds to bacterial 70s ribosome**, **prevents** them from**synthesizing proteins** 4. **ENZYME ACTIVITY** inhibits the **enzyme**needed for **synthesis of folic acid (needed for growth)** 5. **DNA REPLICATION** inhibits **enzyme** needed for **DNA replication,** **preventing** bacteria from **dividing via binary fission**
50
how antibiotic resistant bacteria arise
1. colony of bacteria is exposed to **mutagenic agents**, causing **changes to genetic material**, allows some bacterial cells to **produce proteins that confer antibiotic resistance** 2. if amount of antibiotic is inadequate to kill the bacteria, **resistant bacteria will multiply**, **passing down their genes** for **antibiotic resistance** to the **next generation**, resulting in **more resistant bacteria** 3. **different** or **more powerful antibiotic** must be used to kill these resistant bacteria.
51
# H how can antibiotic resistance be reduced?
1. **course of antibiotics** should be **completed** 2. **do not misuse or overuse antibiotics** 3. use antibiotics **only when neccessary**
52
how does a virus induce symptoms
infect host cell —> its genetic material is used for replication, transcription and translation instead of—> cell makes many copies of it —> alters cell function / kills cell —> induces immune response —> symptoms
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