what is a homologous series?
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group with the same chemical properties but with each successive member different by CH2
def for general formula
simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
what r the steps to naming an organic compound?
1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain (it doesn’t have to be straight, as long as it doesn’t go back on itself)
2) Name the carbons by finding the first carbon closest to the functional group and naming it carbon 1
3) The number of carbons in your longest chain equals to the last name (eg. longest carbon chain is 4= butane)
IF 4) a functional group with one carbon( -CH3 is called methyl, two carbons -CH2CH3 is called ethyl)
IF 5) if there’s two functional groups in same carbon== dimethyl, and remember to number which carbon it is from (2,2- dimethylbutane )
IF 6) Functional group on a different carbon means a diff. number before the name of the functional group like (3-ethyl- 2- methylpentane)
MAKE SURE: that you place your functional group in alphabetical order (above example of ethyl before methyl to make 3-ethyl- 2- methylpentane).
If the carbons in an organic compound is in a circular shape, what do you add to the name?
‘Cyclo’
Eg. Methyl cyclopentane
What if there are four carbons and there are functional groups on the two carbons in the middle? Which carbon becomes carbon 2?
The carbon with more functional groups will take priority and become carbon 2. And the carbon next to it with only one functional group will become carbon 3
What does a structural formula look like? What is a displayed formula? What is a skeletal formula?
A structural formula is just writing the atoms the way you see it like if the molecular formula was c2h4 than the structural formula would be h2cch2. The displayed formula is when you draw the molecule itself with the element of the atoms but replace the bonds with lines. The skeletal formula is just drawing lines to represent each carbon and where functional groups are.
Definition for saturated and unsaturated
Saturated is single carbon carbon bonds and unsaturated is double or triple bonds between carbon atom
MUST BE BETWEEN CARBON AND CARBON ATOMS
What is Alicyclic, aliphatic and aromatic?
Alicyclic- a compound with rings that does NOT contain benzene
Aliphatic- any compound that does NOT contain benzene
Aromatic- compound that DOES contain benzene
What is benzene? Chemical formula? Structure?
Chemical formula: c6h6
Structure: it consists of a ring of six carbon atoms each bonded to a single hydrogen atom, it has double bonds so is unsaturated
What is a structural isomer?
A structural isomer is a compound with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
When writing a displayed formula, what do you have to remember?
Put brackets around functional groups like methyl
What is the prefix you put if you have one, two, three, four, or five methyl groups?
1- methyl
2- dimethyl
3- trimethyl
4- tetramethyl
5- pentamethyl
6- hexamethyl
in what condition, can alkanes react with halogens?
with UV light
what is step one called when alkanes reacts with halogen? and what happens in this step? equations? (use bromine and methane as an example)
Initiation:
UV light breaks the bond between the halogen atoms evenly so each electron goes to each atom: this is called homolytic fission
- Cl 2-> . Cl + .Cl
when the bond is broken, it forms free radicals (free radicals do not have a charge and have a dot in front of them)
what is step two called when alkanes reacts with halogen? and what happens in this step? equations? (use bromine and methane as an example)
Propagation: chlorine free radicals react with methane as they r very reactive and take a hydrogen with them
CH 4 + . Cl -> HCl + . CH3
the next step, the free radical methane is now very reactive and reacts with chlorine gas, stealing an electron
. CH3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + . Cl
The free radicals can continue to react with one another in a chain reaction
what is step three called when alkanes reacts with halogen? and what happens in this step? equations? (use bromine and methane as an example)
Termination: collisions of two radicals does not generate any more free radicals and the chain is terminated
. CH3 + . Cl -> CH3Cl
. Cl+ . Cl -> Cl2
.CH3 + . CH3 -> CH3CH3
why do free radicals not have a charge?
Homolytic Fission: When a bond breaks to form a typical neutral radical, each atom involved gets one of the shared electrons (homolytic cleavage), so they end up with the same number of protons and electrons as before, just rearranged.
