IMHM LEC & LAB > BASIC SEROLOGY > Flashcards

BASIC SEROLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

2 most well-known serologic reactions

A

Precipitation

Agglutination

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2
Q

Combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody

A

Precipitation

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3
Q

Precipitation can be visualized in (2)

A

Liquid medium

Gel-like medium

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4
Q

Most efficient immunoglobin in precipitation

A

IgG

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5
Q

Visible large complexes macroscopically

A

Agglutination

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6
Q

This particle can be naturally or synthetically attached to a carrier particle

A

Particulate antigens

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7
Q

Most efficient immunoglobin in agglutination

A

IgM

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8
Q

Immunoglobin that is strong agglutinins

A

IgM

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9
Q

Antibodies that produce such reactions are called

A

Agglutinins

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10
Q

Two step process of agglutination

A

Sensitization

Lattice formation

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11
Q

Initial antigen-antibody reaction

Nonetwork or complex formed

A

Sensitization

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12
Q

formation of large aggregates

A

Lattice formation

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13
Q

Types of particles participating in agglutination (3)

A

Erythrocytes

Bacterial cell

Inert carriers (LATEX PARTICLES) MOST COMMON

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14
Q

Types of agglutination reactions
(6)

A

Direct agglutination

Passive agglutination

Reverse passive agglutination

Coagglutination

AHG-mediated agglutination

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15
Q

Factor that is considered the antigen binding site

A

Valence

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16
Q

IgG enchantment medium in a agglutination (3)

A

22% bovine serum albumin

Low ionic strength solution

Polyethylene glycol

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17
Q

Incubation time of IgG enchantment medium in agglutination of

22% bovine serum albumin

Low ionic strength solution

Polyethylene glycol

A

30 minutes

10 to 15 minutes

37°C

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18
Q

Commonly used enchantment medium

also used in cross marching

A

Low ionic strength solution

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19
Q

Removes water from the system

Most sensitive type of enchantment medium

Not applicable in samples that have elevated plasma proteins

A

Polyethylene glycol

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20
Q

Antigens are found naturally on a particle

A

Direct agglutination

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21
Q

Example of direct agglutination (3)

A

ABO blood typing

Widal test

Weil-Felix test

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22
Q

If agglutination reaction involves red blood cells it is called

A

Hemagglutination

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23
Q

Used to test unknown antibodies in patient

A

Known bacterial antigens

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24
Q

Rapid screening test to determine typhoid fever

A

Widal test

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25
2 antigens in widal test
Salmonella O (somatic) antigen H (flagellar) antigen
26
Nonspecific test for rickettsial disease Cross react with Proteus spp.
Weil-felix test
27
Grading of agglutination reactions One solid clump: Several large clumps: Numerous smaller clumps: Barely discernable clumps: Smooth suspension:
4+ 3+ 2+ 1+ Negative
28
Large clumps and clear background
Strong agglutination
29
Small clumps and cloudy background
Weak agglutination
30
Even suspension and cloudy background
Negative
31
Intact cell button with clear supernatant Present cell botton with pink supernatant Absent cell botton with red Supernatant
No hemolysis Partial hemolysis Complete homolysis
32
Also known as indirect agglutination Antigens not normally found on surfaces
Passive agglutination
33
Positive agglutination detects
Antibody
34
Reagent of passive agglutination
Antigens attached to a carrier particle
35
6 carrier particles of passive agglutination
Erythrocytes Latex particle (COMMON) Gelatin Silicates Bentonite Charcoal
36
3 example of passive agglutination
Antistreptolysin O Rheumatoid factor Anti-nuclear antibody
37
Screening test for systemic lupus erythematosus
Anti-nuclear antibody test (ANA test)
38
Carrier particle have the ability to absorb FC region
Reverse passive agglutination
39
Reverse passive agglutination detects
Antigen
40
Example of reverse passive agglutination
C- reactive protein latex agglutination reaction
41
Competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody combining sites It involves HAPTENS
Agglutination inhibition
42
Indicator of a positive reaction
Lack of agglutination
43
Example of agglutination inhibition (2)
Classical pregnancy test ABO typing using saliva
44
Agglutination inhibition result Positive: Negative:
No agglutination Agglutination
45
To identify blood type using secretions of saliva
Secretor status
46
Coagglutination detects
Antigen
47
It is basically reverse passive agglutination , but it uses bacteria (STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS) as the carrier particle
Coagglutination
48
Absorbs FC portion of the antibody
Protein A
49
Also known as coomb’s test Detects non-agglutinating antibody by coupling with a second antibody Detecting unknown, week or unidentified antibody
AHG-mediated agglutination
50
Most commonly encountered procedure in blood bank
AHG-medicated agglutination
51
Principal of AHG-mediated agglutination
Sensitization of RBC
52
Antibody to human globulin made in animals Ex. RABBIT & MOUSE
Hybridoma technique
53
2 types of AHG
Direct coombs test Indirect coombs test
54
In vivo IgG sensitization of RBC tested directly
Direct coombs test
55
In vitro Determine presence of particular antibody present
Indirect coombs test
56
Involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody
Precipitation
57
Process by antigens aggregate to form larger complexes when specific antibody is present
Agglutination
58
2 measurement of precipitation by light scattering
Turbidimetry Nephelometry
59
2 Determination of precipitation via passive immunodiffusion technique
Radial immunodiffusion Ouchterlony double diffusion
60
4 determination of precipitation via immunoelectrophoretic technique
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis Immunofixation electrophoresis Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis
61
designed for antigens and antibodies that may be small in size or present in very low concentrations
Labeled immunoassays
62
Substance to be measured in labeled immunoassay is known as
Analyte
63
Presence of such antigens or antibodies is determined indirectly by using a______ to detect whether or not specific binding has taken place
Label reactant
64
3 classification of labeled immunoassays
Radio, immunoassay Enzyme immunoassay Fluorescent immunoassay
65
Common labeled antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
66
Who discovered monoclonal antibodies (2)
Georges Kohler Cesar Milstein
67
Constant source of highly specific antibody
Monoclonal antibodies
68
Unlabeled analytes that are made up in known concentrations of substance to be measured
Standards or calibrators
69
Steps of separation methods
Solid phase vehicle Decantation Centrifugation Filtration Washing step
70
Last step common to all immunoassays is
Detection of label
71
Most immunoassay used the change in absorbance measured by (4)
Spectrophotometry Enzyme immunoassay fluorescence immunoassay
72
Scintillation counter
Radio immunoassay
73
Why washing step is important
To remove the plasma components
74
5 purpose of using RCS
RBC Phenotyping ABO forward typing Crossmatching Reverse typing Detector of secretor status
75
Commonly used in separation method
Solid phase vehicle
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