Classify bones (6)
Acronym?
- long bones
- flat bones
- short bones
- irregular bones
- pneumatized bones
- sesamoid bones
L F S I P S
Lazy Frogs Sleep In Ponds Sometimes.
What are the characteristics of long bones?
Name 2 examples.
- epiphysis, diaphysis
- grow in one direction
- 3 layers:
- compact bone
- spongy bone (trabecules)
- medullary cavity
- ex: humerus, femur
What are the characteristics of flat bones?
Name 2 examples.
- grow in 2 directions
- layers:
- ext. lamina
- diplöe
- int. lamina
- ex: scapula, calvaria
What are the characteristics of short bones?
Name 2 examples.
- spongy bone surrounded by compact bone (no medullary cavity! → no hematopoiesis)
- ex: carpus, tarsus
What are the characteristics of irregular bones?
Name 2 examples.
- belong to no other group
- ex: vertebra, sacrum
What are the characteristics of pneumatized bones?
Name 2 examples.
- contain air-filled spaces
- ex: maxilla, sphenoid
What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones?
Name 2 examples.
- small bones embedded in tendon / muscle
- act as pulley, smooth surface for muscle to slide over
- ex: patella
What is a common feature of all bones?
Describe it.
periosteum
- 2 layers:
- fibrous layer
- osteogenetic layer
- contains blood vessels
What are nutrient foramina?
holes that allow passage of vessels & nerves into bones
What is the difference btw origin and insertion?
- origin = proximal
- insertion = distal
What is the general structure of a muscle?
tendons + belly
Classify somatic muscles according to their tendons/bellies (7)
- fusiform
- uni-, bi-, mulitpennated
- mutli-bellied
- multi-headed
- convergent
What are the characteristics of fusiform muscle?
Name an example
- parallel fibers
- spindle-shaped
- ex: m. pronator teres
What are the characteristics of unipennated muscle?
Name an example.
- long tendon
- large cross-section → more power
- ex: mm. peronei
What are the characteristics of bipennated muscle?
Name an example.
- similar to unipennate but with fibers on both sides
- ex: m. rectus femoris
What are the characteristics of multipennated muscle?
Name an example.
- see unipennated
- ex: m. deltoideus
What are the characteristics of multi-headed muscle?
Name an example.
- mulitple origins, one insertion
- ex: m. biceps femoris
What are the characteristics of multi-bellied muscle?
Name an example.
- seperated by intermediate tendons
- ex: rectus abdominis
What are the characteristics of convergent muscle?
Name an example.
- broud origin, small insertion
- ex: m. trapezius
Classify somatic muscles according to the number of joints they extend over? (3)
Name examples.
- uniarticular (ex: brachioradialis)
- biarticular (ex: m. sartorius)
- multiarticular (ex: m. flexor carpi ulnaris
What are agonists, synergists and antagonists?
- agonist = acting muscle
- synergist = supports acting muscle
- protagonist = produces opposing movements
Differentiate btw active moving and passive halting.
- active moving = m. biceps brachii flexes arm
- passive halting = m. biceps brachii passively halts extension caused by m. triceps brachii
