Joints: lower limb

Question 1

Other name and type of hip joint.

Articular facets?

And which ligaments are attached to it? (1, 4) Seperate btw those.

Answer 1

art. coxae
= ball & socket joint

articular facets:

• caput femoris
• facies lunata acetabuli

Question 2

Which ligg. stabilize the hip joint?

Differentiate.

Answer 2

extracapsular:

• zona orbicularis
• lig. iliofemorale (strongest lig. in human body)
• lig. ischofemorale
• lig. pubofemorale

intracapsular:

• lig. capitis femoris

Question 3

What is the special feature of the hip joint?

Answer 3

labrum acetabuli

→ increases surface for caput femoris

Question 4

Sites of attachment of joint capsule of hip.

Answer 4

• labrum acetabuli
• os coxae
• caput femoris
• linea intertrochanterica
• crista intertrochanterica

Question 5

What is the function of the hip joint?

Answer 5

• flexion / extension (transverse axis)
• adduction / abduction (saggital axis)
• medial / lateral rotation (vertical axis)
• circumduction

Question 6

Which muscles cause flexion of the hip joint? (6)

Answer 6

• m. iliopsoas
• m. rectus femoris
• m. tensor fasciae latae
• m. sartorius
• m. pectineus
• m. adductor longus

Question 7

Which muscles cause extension of the hip joint? (7)

Answer 7

• m. gluteus maximus
• ischiocrural mm. (m. semimembranosus, m. semitendinosus, m. biceps femoris caput longum)
• m. adductor magnus pars posterior
• m. gluteus medius pars posterior
• m. obturator externus

BUT: extension limited by strong lig. iliofemorale

Question 8

Which muscles cause adduction of the hip joint? (10)

Answer 8

• adductors (m. adductor mag., long., brev., m. gracilis, m. pectineus)
• m. gluteus maximus pars caudalis
• m. iliopsoas
• m. semimembranosus
• m. obturator internus
• m. quadratus femoris

Question 9

Which muscles cause abduction of the hip joint? (6)

Answer 9

• m. gluteus medius
• m. gluteus minimus
• m. tensor fasciae latae
• m. rectus femoris
• m. piriformis
• m. sartorius

Question 10

Which muscles cause medial rotation of the hip joint? (5)

Answer 10

• m. gluteus med. pars ventralis
• m. gluteus min. pars ventralis
• m. tensor fasciae latae
• m. adductor magn. pars cranialis
• ​m. adductor long.

Question 11

Which muscles cause lat. rotation of the hip joint? (12)

Answer 11

• glutes (m. gluteus max., med./min. pars dorsalis)
• m. obturator int./ext.
• m. piriformis
• m. quadratus femoris
• mm. gemelli (2)
• m. pectineus
• m. iliopsoas
• m. sartorius

Question 12

Name and type of knee joint?

Articular facets.

Answer 12

art. genus
= trochoginglymus (hinge + rotation)

articular facets:

• condyli femores
• condyli tibiae
• (patella - femur)

Question 13

Which ligg. stabilize the knee joint?

Differentiate.

Answer 13

extracapsular:

• lig. patellae
• retinaculum patellae lat./med.
• lig. collaterale tib./fib.
• lig. popliteum obliq./arc.

intracapsular

• lig. cruciatum ant./post.
• lig. meniscofemorale ant./post. → lat. meniscus
• lig. transversum genus

Question 14

Sites of attachment of joint capsule of knee.

Which structures passes posteriorly through the capsule?

Answer 14

• sup.: condyli femoris
• inf.: facies articulares tibiae
• ant.: replaced by m. quadr. fem., pat., lig. pat.
• post.: encloses fossa intercondylaris

→ opens for m. popliteus posteriorly

Question 15

3 features are characteristic for the knee joint. Which ones?

What is their common function?

Answer 15

• medial meniscus: C-shaped
• lateral meniscus: circular, smaller
• corpus adiposum infrapatellaris

→ shock absorption

Question 16

What are the most important bursae of the knee joint? (6)

Answer 16

• blue: bursa suprapatellaris
• pink: bursa subcutanea prepatellaris
• dark green: bursa subcutanea infrapatellaris
• light green: bursa infrapatellaris profunda
• red: bursa anserina
• yellow: bursa musculi semimembranosi

Question 17

What is the function of the hip joint?

Answer 17

• flexion / extension (transverse axis)
• lateral / medial rotation (vertical axis)

Question 18

Which muscles cause flexion of the knee joint? (7)

Answer 18

• ischiocrural mm. (m. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris)
• mm. inserting in pes anserinus (m. gracilis, sartorius)
• m. popliteus
• ​m. gastrocnemius

Question 19

Which muscles cause extension of the knee joint?

Answer 19

• m. quadriceps femoris
• m. tensor fasciae latae

Question 20

Which muscles cause med. rotation of the knee joint? (4)

Answer 20

• m. semimembranosus
• m. semitendinosus
• m. gracilis
• m. sartorius

Question 21

Which muscles cause lat. rotation of the knee? (2)

Answer 21

• m. biceps femoris
• m. tensor fasciae latae

Question 22

What type of joint is the articulatio tibiofibularis?

Articular facets.

Answer 22

amphiarthrosis (= almost immobile)

articular facets:

• caput fibulae
• fibular art. surface of condylus lateralis tibiae

Question 23

What are 2 special features of art. tibiofibularis?

Answer 23

membrana interossea cruris: btw fibula & tibia

syndesmosis tibiofibularis: union at distal end

Question 24

Which ligg. stabilize art. tibiofibularis?

Answer 24

lig. tibiofibulare ant./post.

Question 25

Name and type of upper ankle joint Articular facets.

Answer 25

**art. talocruralis** = hinge joint _articular facets:_ * malleolar mortise * facies malleolaris medialis/lateralis of trochlea

Question 26

Which ligg. stabilize the upper ankle joint? What are the parts of those ligaments?

Answer 26

* **lig. collaterale laterale** * lig. talofibulare ant./post. * lig. calcaneofibulare * **lig. collaterale mediale** (= _lig. deltoideum_) * pars. tibionavicularis * pars tibiocalcanea * pars tibiotalaris ant./post.

Question 27

Which structures form the malleolar mortise?

Answer 27

* **malleolaris medialis** * **malleolaris lateralis**

Question 28

What is the function of the upper ankle joint?

Answer 28

**plantarflexion / dorsiflexion** | (_transverse axis_)

Question 29

Which muscles cause dorsiflexion of the upper ankle joint? (3)

Answer 29

* m. tibialis anterior * m. extensor digitorum longus * ​m. extensor hallucis longus _{​Tom Dick and Harry}

Question 30

Which muscles cause plantarflexion of the upper ankle joint? (6)

Answer 30

* m. triceps surae * peroneal mm. (longus, brevis) * m. flexor hallucis longus * m. flexor digitorum longus * m. tibialis posterior _{​sup., deep flexor + peroneal compartment}

Question 31

Which 2 joints make up the lower ankle joint?

Answer 31

* **art. subtalaris** * **art. talocalcaneonavicularis**

Question 32

What type of joint is the articulatio subtalaris? Articular facets.

Answer 32

**pivot joint** _articular facets:_ * talus * calcaneus

Question 33

Which ligg. stabilize art. subtalaris?

Answer 33

* **lig. talocalcaneum med./lat.** * **lig. talocalcaneum post.** * **lig. talocalcaneum interosseum** → seperates both lower ankle joints

Question 34

What type of joint is art. talocalcaneonavicularis? Articular facets.

Answer 34

**pivot joint** * _pars talocalcanea:_ plane * _pars talonavicularis:_ ball & socket _articular facets:_ * talus * calcaneus * lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare (= Spring lig.)

Question 35

Which lig. stabilizes art. talocalcaneonavicularis?

Answer 35

**lig. bifurcatum**

Question 36

What is the function of the upper ankle joint?

Answer 36

**pronation / supination** | (_oblique axis_)

Question 37

Which muscles cause pronation of the lower ankle joint? (4)

Answer 37

* **m. peronei** (long./brevis/tert.) * **m. extensor digitorum longus**

Question 38

Which muscles cause supination of the lower ankle joint? (6)

Answer 38

* triceps surae * m. tibialis ant./post * m. flexor hallucis long. * m. extensor hallucis long. * m. flexor digitorum long. _{basically everything except peroneal comp.}