Behaviourism

Question 1

Depressive tendencies

Answer 1

decreased positive reinforcement (e.g., decreased positive, pleasurable, or reinforcing events)

decreased availability of positive reinforcement
problems with instrumental behaviours (e.g., problems with social skills)

increased frequency of punishment

emitting fewer

interpersonal behaviours

Question 2

behavioural activation

Answer 2

Change behaviour

Forget what you are thinking and just do

Works just as well as full CBT conditions

Question 2

CBT: drop the C and take it apart

Answer 2

behavioural activation

automatic thoughts

depressogenic schemas

Question 3

automatic thoughts

Answer 3

Thoughts that jump quickly and inexplicably into your head

How you think people see you

Question 4

depressogenic schemas

Answer 4

negative, deeply ingrained cognitive patterns or beliefs about oneself, others, or the world that increase vulnerability to depression

Question 5

Can behaving like an extrovert make you happier

Answer 5

engaging with stuff and people can apparently make you happier because it increases positive experiences

you can get trapped in introversion

Microtransactions are important because they make people feel better

Question 5

positive experience

Answer 5

Increased healthy behaviour(e.g., activation) + decreased depressed behaviour (e.g., avoidance) → positive experience → improved mood and thought

Works better than meds

Question 6

Efficacy data from Dimidjian et al. (2006)

Answer 6

behavioral activation works (a) in severely depressed patients and (b) as well as antidepressants

Question 7

response–> reinforcement–>

Answer 7

increased or lowered probability of repetition of response

Question 8

-B.F. Skinner (1971, p. 17) in Beyond Freedom and Dignity

Answer 8

“In the traditional view, a person is free. He is autonomous in the sense that his behavior is uncaused. He can therefore be held responsible for what he does and justly punished if he offends. That view, together with its associated practices, must be re-examined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.”

Question 9

Four types of operant conditioning

Answer 9

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Positive punishment

Negative punishment

Question 10

Four types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement

How it occurs
Result
Example

Answer 10

How it occurs
Desired consequence
is produced by the
behaviour

Result
Increased likelihood of the behaviour

Example
A pleasant effect from going for a walk makes going for a walk more likely to recur

Question 11

Four types of operant conditioning: Negative reinforcement

Answer 11

How it occurs
Undesired event or
circumstance is
removed after
behaviour

Result
Increased likelihood of the behaviour.

Example
The uncomfortable
feeling of going to work is relieved by staying at home (which makes such absenteeism more likely to recur)

Question 12

Four types of operant conditioning: Positive punishment

Answer 12

How it occurs
Undesired
consequence is
produced by
behaviour.

Result
Decreased likelihood of the behaviour.

Example
A teacher’s humiliating comment about her student’s singing makes future singing in her presence less likely to recur

Question 13

Functional Analysis

Answer 13

Antecedents→ behaviour→ consequences

Question 14

Four types of operant conditioning: negative punishment

Answer 14

How it occurs
Pleasant event or
circumstance is
removed after behaviour

Result
Decreased likelihood of the behaviour.

Example
Refusing to have sex
with your husband after he stays too late at work makes staying too late at work less likely to recur.

Question 15

Graduated exposure

Answer 15

involves exposing patients to feared situations or sensations in a step-wise manner.

Question 16

Type of exposures

Answer 16

Situational exposure

Interoceptive exposure

Imaginal exposure

Question 17

situational exposure

Answer 17

exposure to a feared situation (e.g., shopping mall or classroom)

Question 18

intreroceptive exposure

Answer 18

Exposure to arousal-related body sensations (e.g., rapid heart rate).

Question 19

imaginal exposure

Answer 19

exposure to imagined scenarios or imagery (e.g., failing an exam)

Question 20

Anxiety ________ with successive exposures

Answer 20

habituates