dependency

Question 1

Adult attachment

Answer 1

Attachment is a lifelong process that begins in infancy and continues throughout the lifespan, including childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987)

infant attachment carries over into adult attachment; early attachment experiences may form a “blueprint” for adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1993)

Question 2

Functions of Adult Attachment

Answer 2

Emotion regulation, conflict resolution, and stress management (Cloninger, 2008)

Question 3

Diamond et al (2008)

Answer 3

Couples with low anxiety had lower average logged cortisol during separation than couples with high anxiety

low anxiety: cortisol went down during separation and stays stable at reunion

high anxiety: cortisol goes up at separation and goes back down at reunion

Question 4

Attachment style and romantic attraction

Klohnen et al (2003)

Answer 4

high romantic attraction to lower romantic attraction

partner 1:
secure–> preoccupied–> fearful–> dismissing

Partner 4:
Attachment–> all others

Question 5

Blatt et al.’s “Dialectic Model of Personality Development and Psychopathology” (2005, p. 291)

self definition

Answer 5

the development of a realistic, differentiated, positive, integrated, stable, mature, and consolidated self-identity

Who am I?

Identity

Question 6

Blatt et al.’s “Dialectic Model of Personality Development and Psychopathology” (2005, p. 291)

relatedness

Answer 6

The development of a capacity for stable, mature, satisfying, and reciprocal interpersonal relationships

How do I relate to others?

Question 7

Blatt et al.’s “Dialectic Model of Personality Development and Psychopathology” (2005, p. 291)

Answer 7

self-definition and relatedness emerge reciprocally, dialectically, and synergistically

in other words, mature self-definition is contingent on mature relatedness and vice versa (Blatt, 1995a)

Question 8

Dependent Personality Traits

Answer 8

helplessness in the interpersonal domain

need for approval: “my value as a person depends greatly on what others think of me”

clingy, lonely, excessively needy, and externally focused

worried about obtaining support, appeasing others, receiving nurturance, avoiding abandonment, and maintaining closeness

Source: Blatt et al. (1976); Weissman and Beck (1978)

Question 9

High levels of trait dependency and dependent personality disorder are associated with _____________

Answer 9

elevated risk for physical illness

victimization by others

victimization of others

suicidality

high levels of functional impairment

increased health care expenditure

(paraphrased from Bornstein, 2012, p. 766).

Question 9

Personality and Psychopathology

complex syndromes

Answer 9

“distinct symptom constellations that are enmeshed within a complex network of problematic personality traits” (Millon, 2002, p. 212)

Question 9

Personality and Psychopathology

simple reactions

Answer 9

“clinical symptoms that are relatively free of ‘contaminating’ personality traits” (Millon, 2002, p. 212)

Question 9

Personality and Psychopathology

personality patterns

Answer 9

“a configuration of relatively cohesive personality traits and dispositions” (Millon, 2002, p. 212)

Question 9

dependency and loss (bonanno et al., 2002)

Answer 9

Five core bereavement patterns were identified: common grief, chronic grief, chronic depression, improvement during bereavement, and resilience.

Common grief was relatively infrequent, and the
resilient pattern most frequent.

chronic depression group and chronic grief group, characterized by higher interpersonal dependency and spousal dependency

Question 9

belongingness

humans are ______
humans need ______

Answer 9

Humans are “naturally driven toward establishing and sustaining belongingness”

Humans need “frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond”

satiation and substitution

(Baumeister & Leary, 1995)

Question 10

Neediness

Answer 10

anxious overconcern with rejection
very needy

Helplessness, powerlessness, and concern over desertion

no differentiation: latch on to anyone

Question 11

connectedness

Answer 11

valuing relationships

appropriate sensitivity to others in relationships

differentiated sense of self

may get upset in response to loss of specific relationship