Learning
An enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experiences. Includes a change of behaviour that endures over time, necessary for survival.
Classical Conditioning
- Introduced by Pavlov
- Association of neutral stimulus with a stimulus that leads to a reflective response.
- In classical conditioning, all responses are involuntary.
- In CC, what happens before a behaviour is the most important for learning.
Classical Conditioning of Emotional Responses
- Phobias can be learned.
- If a response is conditioned to one stimulus, the organism may also respond to a similar stimulus.
Extinction
The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
Learning through reinforcement and punishment.
The consequences or what happens after a behaviour is most important for learning.
Limitations of positive punishment
- Demonstrates what behaviour is wrong, but doesn’t show what to do instead.
- Physical punishment can injure or kill.
Shaping and Chaining
Shaping produces novel behaviour by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired response.
Latent Learning
Learning that has occurred but is not manifested in behaviour.
