BIO 103 Test 2 Student Study Guide Class > BIO 103 Test 2 student study Guide > Flashcards

BIO 103 Test 2 student study Guide Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Define osteocyte.

A

A mature bone cell

Osteocytes are involved in the maintenance of bone tissue.

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2
Q

Define osteoblast.

A

A bone-forming cell

Osteoblasts are responsible for bone growth and mineralization.

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3
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The process of blood cell formation

Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.

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4
Q

List the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production

These functions are essential for maintaining the body’s structure and function.

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5
Q

Name the types of bones and provide examples.

A
  • Long bones (e.g., femur)
  • Short bones (e.g., carpals)
  • Flat bones (e.g., skull)
  • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid bones (e.g., patella)

Each type of bone has a specific shape and function.

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6
Q

Describe the structure of long bones.

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Epiphysis (ends)
  • Medullary cavity (inner space)
  • Periosteum (outer layer)
  • Endosteum (inner lining)

Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape.

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7
Q

What is the difference between true, false, and floating ribs?

A
  • True ribs: Directly attached to the sternum (1-7)
  • False ribs: Indirectly attached or not attached (8-10)
  • Floating ribs: No anterior attachment (11-12)

True ribs provide more stability to the rib cage.

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8
Q

What are the types of joints?

A
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints

Joints allow for varying degrees of movement.

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9
Q

List the joint movements.

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Supination
  • Pronation
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantar flexion
  • Inversion
  • Eversion

These movements describe how joints can move in different directions.

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10
Q

What roles do Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormones play in the blood and bone?

A
  • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels
  • Parathyroid hormone: Raises blood calcium levels

These hormones regulate calcium homeostasis in the body.

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11
Q

How do age, size, and exercise affect skeletal variations?

A

Age affects bone density, size influences bone strength, and exercise increases bone mass

Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining healthy bones.

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12
Q

Define origin in the context of muscles.

A

The fixed attachment point of a muscle

The origin is typically located closer to the body’s midline.

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13
Q

Define insertion in muscle anatomy.

A

The movable attachment point of a muscle

The insertion is usually located further from the body’s midline.

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14
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue surrounding muscles

Fascia helps to support and separate muscles.

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15
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction

Bursae are located between bones and soft tissues.

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16
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

A membrane that lines synovial joints

It secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.

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17
Q

Define myosin.

A

A protein that forms thick filaments in muscle fibers

Myosin interacts with actin to facilitate muscle contraction.

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18
Q

Define actin.

A

A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle fibers

Actin works with myosin during muscle contraction.

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19
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The basic contractile unit of muscle tissue

Sarcomeres are composed of actin and myosin filaments.

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20
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

The main muscle responsible for a specific movement

Prime movers are also known as agonist muscles.

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21
Q

What are synergist muscles?

A

Muscles that assist the prime mover

Synergists help to stabilize joints during movement.

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22
Q

Define antagonist muscles.

A

Muscles that oppose the action of the prime mover

Antagonists help control movement and maintain balance.

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23
Q

What is a threshold stimulus?

A

The minimum stimulus required to trigger a muscle contraction

Below this level, no contraction occurs.

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24
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A contraction where muscle length changes while tension remains constant

Isotonic contractions are involved in movement.

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25
What is an **isometric contraction**?
A contraction where muscle length remains the same while tension increases ## Footnote Isometric contractions are used for stabilization.
26
Name the **types of muscle tissues**.
* Skeletal muscle * Cardiac muscle * Smooth muscle ## Footnote Each type has distinct structures and functions.
27
What are the **functions of skeletal muscle**?
* Movement * Posture * Tone * Contraction ## Footnote Skeletal muscles are essential for voluntary movements.
28
What are the effects of **exercise on skeletal muscles**?
* Strength training increases muscle size * Endurance training improves stamina ## Footnote Different types of training target various muscle adaptations.
29
List the **movements of muscles**.
* Flexion * Extension * Abduction * Adduction * Rotation * Circumduction * Supination * Pronation * Dorsiflexion * Plantar flexion * Inversion * Eversion ## Footnote These movements describe how muscles can change the position of bones.
30
What are the **upper and lower extremity muscles** responsible for?
Moving the arms and legs respectively ## Footnote Each group of muscles is specialized for its region.
31
Define **glia**.
Supportive cells in the nervous system ## Footnote Glial cells assist neurons in various functions.
32
What is a **cell body** in a neuron?
The part of the neuron containing the nucleus ## Footnote The cell body integrates signals received by the neuron.
33
Define **dendrite**.
Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons ## Footnote Dendrites are crucial for neuron communication.
34
What are **efferent neurons**?
Nerve cells that carry signals away from the central nervous system ## Footnote Efferent neurons are responsible for motor functions.
35
What are **astrocytes**?
Star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord ## Footnote Astrocytes support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
36
What are **neuroglia**?
Supportive cells in the nervous system ## Footnote Neuroglia include various types of glial cells.
37
Define **neurons**.
The primary signaling cells of the nervous system ## Footnote Neurons transmit information through electrical impulses.
38
What are **Schwann cells**?
Cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system ## Footnote Myelin sheaths insulate axons and enhance signal transmission.
39
What is the **neurilemma**?
The outermost layer of a Schwann cell ## Footnote The neurilemma aids in the regeneration of damaged nerves.
40
Define **nerve**.
A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system ## Footnote Nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system and the body.
41
What are **action potentials**?
Electrical impulses that travel along neurons ## Footnote Action potentials are essential for neuron communication.
42
What is a **reflex arc**?
The neural pathway involved in a reflex action ## Footnote Reflex arcs allow for quick responses to stimuli.
43
What are **receptors** in the nervous system?
Structures that detect stimuli from the environment ## Footnote Receptors convert stimuli into electrical signals.
44
Define **synapse**.
The junction between two neurons ## Footnote Synapses allow for communication between neurons.
45
What is an **effector**?
A muscle or gland that responds to a nerve impulse ## Footnote Effectors carry out the response initiated by the nervous system.
46
What are **neurotransmitters**?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses ## Footnote Neurotransmitters play a key role in communication between neurons.
47
What are **gyri**?
The raised folds on the surface of the brain ## Footnote Gyri increase the surface area of the brain.
48
What are **sulci**?
The grooves between the gyri on the brain's surface ## Footnote Sulci also contribute to the brain's surface area.
49
What are the **two body-wide communication systems**?
* Nervous system * Endocrine system ## Footnote These systems differ in speed and method of communication.
50
Describe the **organization of the nervous system**.
* Central Nervous System (CNS) * Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ## Footnote The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all other nerves.
51
How many **nerves are in the PNS**?
12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves ## Footnote These nerves connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
52
What are the differences between the **Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, and Autonomic Nervous System**?
* CNS: Brain and spinal cord * PNS: Nerves outside the CNS * Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions ## Footnote Each system has distinct roles in body function.
53
What are the **2 major cells of the nervous system**?
* Neurons * Glial cells ## Footnote Neurons transmit signals, while glial cells support and protect neurons.
54
What are other names for **interneurons**?
Association neurons or relay neurons ## Footnote Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons.
55
What happens to **neurotransmitters** when they are not used?
They are broken down or reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron ## Footnote This process prevents continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron.
56
Describe the **structures and functions** of the following: Cerebellum, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Cerebrum.
* Cerebellum: Coordination and balance * Hypothalamus: Regulates homeostasis * Thalamus: Relay station for sensory information * Cerebrum: Higher brain functions ## Footnote Each structure has specific roles in brain function.
57
What are the **functions of the spinal cord**?
* Transmits signals between the brain and body * Coordinates reflexes ## Footnote The spinal cord is essential for communication within the nervous system.
58
What are the **divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System**?
* Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight) * Parasympathetic Nervous System (rest and digest) ## Footnote These divisions regulate involuntary bodily functions.
59
What are the **Autonomic Neurotransmitters** of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems?
* Sympathetic: Norepinephrine * Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine ## Footnote These neurotransmitters mediate the responses of the autonomic nervous system.
60
What are the **three layers of meninges** covering the brain and spinal cord?
* Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater ## Footnote These layers protect the central nervous system.
BIO 103 Test 2 Student Study Guide Class
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