Bio 252- atherosclerosis

Question 1

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 1

excessive lipid concentration in blood

Question 2

all Lipids?

Answer 2

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids

Question 3

Non modifiable risk factors for coronary heart diease

Answer 3

• men over 45
• postmenopausal women
• family history of cardiovascular disease
• men under 55
• women under 65

Question 4

Modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 4

• hypertension
• smoking
• dyslipidemia
• Low LDL
• elevated LDL
• diabetes mellitus
• obesity
• left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 5

Apoprotiens are?

Answer 5

Lipid carriers (transport lipids)

Question 6

Hyperlipdemia in what percent of canadians?

Answer 6

40%

Question 7

lipid + apoprotien=

Answer 7

lipoprotien

Question 8

Proteins are more ____ than liquids

Answer 8

dense

Question 9

lipoprotiens are differentiated from each other via

Answer 9

individual density

Question 10

lipids are

Answer 10

insoluble

Question 11

Lipoprotiens vary in density

Answer 11

VLDL, LDL, HDL
lowest to highest density
Chylomicrons lowest density lower than VLDL

Question 12

Chylomicrons

Answer 12

Lipid (fat) absorbed into blood (or lymph) through small intestine

Question 13

sclerosis=

Answer 13

hardening

Question 14

layers of artery & vein

Answer 14

lumen, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Question 15

Athersclerosis

Answer 15

(lesion that develops in wall of artery)

• hardening of blood vessel wall
• fibrofatty (Fibers & lipids) lesion (atheroma) in intima of larger arteries

Question 16

what does asthersclerosis cause

Answer 16

-impedes blood flow–impedes perfusion –ischemia–MI/stroke/PVD

Question 17

32% of all deaths are complications of

Answer 17

MI/stroke/PVD from atherosclerosis

Question 18

ischemia

Answer 18

restriction/reduction of blood supply/ inadequate perfustion to a local area d/t obstruction in a blood vessel

Question 19

Infarction

Answer 19

necrosis of tissue d/t ischemia

Question 20

3 lesions/ 3 stages of atherosclerosis

Answer 20

1. Fatty streak: -change within intima
   -macrophages -foam cells (as soon as macrophages engulf lipids become foam cells)
   -smooth muscle cells
2. Fiborous atheromatous plaque: -clinically significant lesion w necrotic core
   -swelling lesion made of fibrous tissue
3. Complicated lesion: -unstable
   -hemmorhage into plaque, bllod form lumen moving into plaque
   -risk of part of plaque dislodging
   -

Question 21

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 21

• primarily occurs in intima of artery, THEN swells into lumen(area of least resistance) –compromises lumen
• insidious origin: subltle endothelial injury from risk factors cause inflm(CRP will be elevated d/t inflm)
• monocytes & other inflm cells bind to endothelium :adhesion factors aid ( selectins & integrins)
• lipids enter intima (free floating shouldnt be there)
• monocytes enter intima, become macrophages: engluf lipids, become foam cells
• relase free radicals via oxidization of lipids(causes additional damage)
• release growth factors which aid in proliferation of smooth muscle cells in layer below intima (tunica media)
• atheroma continues to swell into lumen
• creates a necrotic core(full of dead lipids ect)
• hemorrhaging into plaque may cause embolus (unstable)

Question 22

Sites where severe atherosclerosis appears frequently

Answer 22

1. Abdominal aorta & iliac arteries
2. proximal coronary arteries
3. Thoracic aorta, femoral & popliteal arteries
4. Internal carotid arteries
5. vertebral , basilar & middle cerebral arteries

Question 23

what lipid do you want in minimal quantities

Answer 23

LDL, lousy lipid, cholesterol