The two main phases of the cell cycle
interphase and the mitotic (M) phase.
Know what the cell cycle is
The cell cycle is the series of events a cell goes through to grow and divide into two identical daughter cells,
including -
G1, synthesis, G2, mitosis, and Cytokinesis
The three phases in interphase and the two phases in the M phase
interphase-
Gap1 (G1) synthesis (S) Gap2 (G2),
mitotic phase(M phase),-
mitosis and cytokinesis
Understand which phase is the cell division phase
Cytokinesis -
This is when the cell actually divides into 2 daughter cells.
Mitosis-
is the process of preparing to split the cells: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Recall the 4 phases of mitosis in order-
mitosis:
Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
and Telophase.
Apoptosis is, and why it is important
Apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death,
plays a key role-
in growth and development. When it does not occur as it should, several diseases can occur
What a carcinogen is
carcinogens: a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
A chemical that will enter the cell and can bind to DNA and cause mutations. (like a tumor)
Know what cancer is, why it happens, and how it happens
Cancer: a disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth.
Why does it happen-
Cancers are caused by defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division. The control of the cell cycle is broken.
How it happens-
As the cancer cells spread to surrounding tissue, they absorb the nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections, and prevent organs from working properly
benign to a tumor vs. a malignant tumor
Tumor: A Mass formed from cancer cells,
and a benign-
non-cancerous mass, does not spread,
and a malignant mass-
A malignant tumor: tumors that invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue.
Know what growth factors are
Growth factors: simulate the growth and division of cells.
Molecular signals are the cell receiving positive cues (such as growth factors)
Stem cells
stem cells:
The unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop.
Stem cells are multipotent: they can only form into cells that need replacing in the tissues where they are found
-Cells in some tissues have a limited life span, examples being blood and skin cells.
These cells are replaced by stem cells found throughout the body.
-Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and more versatile than adult stem cells.
-Stem cells might be used in the future to repair the damage caused by heart attacks.
Be able to label the phases of mitosis when presented with a picture
Go to the study guide to find the answer
Be able to briefly describe what occurs in each phase of the cell cycle
Interphase:
Gap 1- cell growth
Synthesis (S phase)- DNA replication
Gap2- preparation for mitosis
Mitotic Pase:
Mitosis- cell divides, organizes/breaks into 2 cells ( makes 2 cell daughters)
Cytokinesis- the cell physically breaks into 2 cells
Short answer:
Be able to explain how a cancer could develop in a person.
How it happens (what needs to happen for a cell to grow and divide uncontrollably),
and be able to define malignant vs. benign
Short answer:
Be able to explain how a cancer could develop in a person-
Cancers are caused by defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division. The control of the cell cycle is broken.
How it happens:
As the cancer cells spread to surrounding tissue, they absorb the nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections, and prevent organs from working properly
(what needs to happen for a cell to grow and divide uncontrollably)-
Cancers are caused by defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and division. The control of the cell cycle is broken,
and be able to define malignant- malignant tumors: tumors that invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue.
vs benign-
benign: non-cancerous mass, does not spread
be able to label the diagram
on the filled-out study guide Google doc
