Bio Chapter 11

Question 0

Explain the principles Mendel developed

Answer 0

Inheritance-traits genes passed from parents to offspring
Principle of dominance- some alleles are dominant to others and will mask recessive
Segregation of alleles- alleles separate during the formation of gametes so each cell has one
Independent assortment- alleles segragate when looking at more than one trait at a time
(Remember Morgan found it is the chromosomes that have independent assortment not the genes)

Question 1

describe Mendels experiement and jnow the relating terms (p, f1, f2, cross pollinating, true-breeding)

Answer 1

P generation- true breeding (homozygous) plants that had opposite traits (short vs. Tall) and cross pollinated them.
F1- HYBRIDS one dominant one recessive
f2- offspring were TT Ts or ss

Question 2

Know the relationship between alleles genes and chromosomes

Answer 2

Genes-sequence of dna that codes for a particular trait
alleles- different forms of genes (T and t)
Chromosomes-contain many genes

Question 3

Study Putney squares

Answer 3

Yeeeaahhh

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

Genetic make-up

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

Physical characteristics

Question 6

Heterozygous

Answer 6

Organisms that have 2 different alleles for a particular trait (hybrids)

Question 7

Homozygous

Answer 7

Organisms with two identical alleles for a particular trait (true-breeding)to

Question 8

Dominant

Answer 8

Shows

Question 9

Recessive

Answer 9

“Disappeared”

Question 10

Hybrid

Answer 10

Offspring crossed from parents with different traits

Question 11

Dihybrid

Answer 11

Hybrid x2

Question 12

Polygenic trait

Answer 12

Traits produced by interactions of several genes

Question 13

Heredity

Answer 13

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

Question 14

Genetics

Answer 14

Study of heredity

Question 15

Allele

Answer 15

Different forms of gene

Question 16

Gene

Answer 16

Sequence of Dna that determines a trait

Question 17

True-breeding

Answer 17

Create identical offspring

Question 18

Probability

Answer 18

Likelihood a particular event will occur

Question 19

Segregation

Answer 19

Alleles separate during the formation of gametes

Question 20

Independent assortment

Answer 20

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during formation of gametes

Question 21

Fertilization

Answer 21

Male and female reproductive cells join during sexual reproduction

Question 22

Multiple alleles

Answer 22

More than two possible alleles exist in a population

Question 23

Gametes

Answer 23

Sex cells

Question 24

Hybrids

Answer 24

Offspring crossed from parents with different traits

Question 25

Red+white=pink

Answer 25

Incomplete dominace

Question 26

Black+white= spots

Answer 26

Codominance

Question 27

How many daughter cells does one complete cycle of Meiosis form?

Answer 27

4 haploid cells

Question 28

What types of cells make gametes during the process of Meiosis?

Answer 28

2N diploid

Question 29

What's the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell?

Answer 29

Diploid have 2 sets of genes and haploid have 1

Question 30

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 30

Chromosomes that are similar in size,centrome location,and have the same genes on the chromosomes. One from dad one from mom.

Question 31

What is the process of crossing-over and during which stage of Meiosis does it occur?

Answer 31

Prophase I

Question 32

Prophase I

Answer 32

Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologus chromosome

Question 33

Metaphase I

Answer 33

Paired homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Question 34

An aphasia I

Answer 34

Spindles pull each homologous pair towards opposite ends of cell

Question 35

Telephase I/cytokinises

Answer 35

Nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes Cytokinises forms two new cells

Question 36

Prophase II

Answer 36

Chromosomes become visible

Question 37

Metaphase, Anaphase, telophase II

Answer 37

Similar to Meiosis I but produces 4 haploid cells

Question 38

How are cells produced form Meiosis and Mitosis different?

Answer 38

Mitosis are diploid and genetically identical to parent cells, Meiosis are haploid and genetically diverse

Question 39

What is a tetrad?

Answer 39

2 replicated homologous chromosomes... Looks like 2 X's

Question 40

How is speed production different than egg production?

Answer 40

Sperm- all haploid cells are same size and can be used in reproduction Eggs- 1 haploid cell gets most of the cytoplasm and is the only one used in sexual reproduction

Question 41

Zygote

Answer 41

Fertilized egg that will grow through Mitosis

Question 42

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis Change in chromosomes number Number of cell divisions

Answer 42

Mitosis diploid to diploid Meiosis diploid to haploid Mitosis 1 Meiosis 2

Question 43

How can 2 alleles from different genes be inherited together

Answer 43

Genes linkage-basically when they are on the same chromosomes

Question 44

What were Morgan's discoveries when studying fruit flies

Answer 44

Gene linkage- modified Mendels principle of individual assortment

Question 45

How does independent assortment (Mendels principle) relate to Morgan's discoveries?

Answer 45

Independent assortment does occur but it occurs with chromosomes not individual genes. Morgan studied traits related to chromosomes

Question 46

What is gene linkage

Answer 46

Some genes seem to always be inherited together (seem to break principles of independent assortment)

Question 47

What is a gene map? What does it show you?

Answer 47

Gene map- shows relative distances between genes on a chromosome likelihood of 2 genes crossing over which code for certain traits.