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Bio Practical 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

List three subphylums of Phylum Chordata

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Vertebrata
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2
Q

What are included in subphylum Vertebrata?

A
  1. Fish
  2. Amphibians
  3. Reptiles
  4. Birds
  5. Mammals
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3
Q

Which subphylum of Phylum Chordata is the largest?

A

Vertebrata

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4
Q

Key characteristics of Vertebrata

A
  1. Bony/cartilaginous skull around the brain
  2. Well developed head with paired sensory organs
  3. Notochord present only in embyros and develops into part of the vertebral column (except for hagfish/lampreys)
  4. Vertebrae protect the dorsal nerve cord (except hagfish/lampreys)
  5. Chambered heart consisting of 1-2 atria and 1-2 ventricles
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5
Q

How does the body system of subphylum Vertebrata work?

A
  1. Closed circulatory system
  2. Complete digestive system
  3. Kidneys are primary excretory organs
  4. Mostly dioecious and sexual
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6
Q

List all the classes of subphylum Vertebrata

A
  1. Class Petromyzontida
  2. Class Chondrichthyes
  3. Class Actinopterygii
  4. Class Amphibia
  5. Class Reptilia
  6. Class Aves
  7. Class Mammalia
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7
Q

List the orders of Vertebrata and its matching class

A
  1. Class Amphibia
    -Order Apoda
    -Order Urodela
    -Order Anura
  2. Class Reptilia
    -Order Testudines
    -Order Squamata
    -Order Crocodilia
  3. Class Mammalia
    -Subclass Prototheria
    -Subclass Theria
    –Infraclass Metatheria
    –Infraclass Eutheria
    –>Order Lagomorpha
    –>Order Rodentia
    –>Order Carnivora
    –>Order Chiroptera
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8
Q

What are characteristics of Class Petromyzontida?

A
  1. No paired appendages
  2. Cartilaginous skeleton with persistent notochord
  3. No jaws
  4. No scales
  5. Diphycercal caudal fin
  6. Sucking mouth w/ teeth and rasping tongue
    **lampreys (some are parasitic)
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9
Q

Identify all structures of class Petromyzontida

A
  1. Buccal funnel
  2. Gill slits
  3. Dorsal fins
  4. Caudal fin
  5. Notochord
  6. Brain
  7. Spinal cord
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10
Q

What are the four basic scale types of fishes and which belongs to which class?

A
  1. Placoid: tooth like (Chondrichthyes)
  2. Ganoid: thick, diamond shaped (Petromyzontida)
  3. Cycloid: thin/flexible; arranged in overlapping rows [smooth edges] (Actinopterygii)
  4. Ctenoid: thin/flexible, overlapping rows, one edge is jagged/spiny
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11
Q

What are the 3 basic caudal fin types and what class they belong to?

A
  1. Hetercercal
    **Sharks, sturgeon (Chondrichthyes)
  2. Diphycercal
    **Lampreys, lungfish, coelacanths
    (Petromyzontida)
  3. Homocercal
    **Perch, most bony fish (Actinopterygii)
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12
Q

List the characteristics of class Chondrichthyes

A
  1. Ventral mouth; jaws present
  2. Cartilaginous skeleton with paired appendages
  3. No swim bladder
  4. No operculum covering the gills
    **skates, rays, sharks
    –Chondros = cartilage
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13
Q

Are all cartilaginous fish nonteleost?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Identify external structures of dogfish

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Ampullae of Lorenzini
  3. External gill slits
  4. Spiracle
  5. Lateral line
  6. Dorsal fins
  7. Pectoral fins
  8. Pelvic fins
  9. Claspers (male)
  10. Anal fin (may not be present)
  11. Caudal fin
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15
Q

Identify internal structures of dogfish

A
  1. Gills
  2. heart (atrium + ventricle)
  3. Liver
  4. Stomach
  5. Spleen
  6. Pancreas
  7. Valvular intestine (ileum)
  8. Spiral valve (located inside the valvular intestine)
  9. Kidney
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16
Q

What is the function of Ampullae of Lorenzi?

A

Electroreception to help catch prey

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17
Q

Function of external gill slits

A

Release water from the shark’s body

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18
Q

Function of lateral line

A

Sense low frequency vibrations to help catch prey

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19
Q

Function of dorsal fins

A

Steering; Helps them maintain dorsal-ventral orientation while swimming

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20
Q

Function of pectoral fins

A

Steering; Braking

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21
Q

Function of claspers

A

Deposit sperm in female reproductive tract

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22
Q

Function of caudal fin

A

Main source of thrust while swimming; as as a rudder for steering

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23
Q

Function of cloaca

A

Common chamber for collection of urine, feces, and sperm/eggs

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24
Q

Function of liver

A

Detoxifies certain digested compounds; produces bile

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25
Function of spleen
Stores blood
26
Function of spiral valve
Provides increased surface area for digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
27
Function of kidney
Filter nitrogenous metabolic waste out of the blood
28
Characteristics of class Actinopterygii
1. Bony skeleton, usually terminal mouth 2. Swim bladder and operculum present 3. Mostly teleost, some non-teleost 3. Non-teleost fishes = gar and bowfin 4. Teleost fishes = perch, trout, bass, catfish, etc.
29
External structures of a perch
1. Dorsal fins 2. Pectoral fins 3. Pelvic fins 4. Anal fin 5. Caudal fin 6. Lateral line 7. Operculum
30
Internal structures of a perch
1. Gills 2. Heart 3. Liver 4. Stomach 5. Spleen 6. Intestine 7. Pyloric ceca 8. Swim bladder 9. Testes (male) or ovaries (female)
31
Function of operculum
Pump water across gills
32
Function of stomach
Store food and start digestion process
33
Function of pyloric ceca
Pouches that increase surface area for digestion of food
34
Function of swim bladder
Maintain buoyancy
35
Characteristics of class Amphibia
1. Skin with mucoid secretions (moist; usually no external scales) 2. Larvae are usually aquatic 3. Adults are aquatic, semi-terrestrial or terrestrial 4. Adults are tetrapods (4 limbs, Apoda limbless) 5. 3 chambered heart 6. Respiration by lungs, gills, skin, and mouth lining
36
Body system of class Amphibia
1. Complete digestive system 2. Closed circulatory system 3. Kidney excretory 4. Mostly dioecious; frogs external fertilization, other two are internal 5. Mostly oviparous [egg-laying] (few viviparous)
37
Characteristics of order Apoda
1. Limbless and wormlike body (reduced eyes) 2. Small scales present in some species 3. Tail absent 4. Generally known as caecilians
38
Characteristics of order Urodela
1. Body with head, trunk, and long tail 2. Usually two pair of equal sized limbs 3. Some respire through skin 4. Some salamanders retain larval characteristics into adulthood **e.g. external gills, absence of eyelids, presence of lateral line, and fin-like tail) 5. Carnivorous
39
Structures of a salamander
1. Gular fold 2. Gills 3. Cloacal opening 4. Heart 5. Lungs 6. Liver 7. Spleen 8. Stomach 9. Pancreas 10. Small intestine 11. Large intestine
40
Characteristics of order Anura
1. Head and trunk fused 2. Tail absent 3. Two pairs of limbs; hindlimbs elongated 4. Large mouth; lungs present 5. Anuran tongues are attached at the front of the mouth for projection to capture prey **frogs/toads
41
Skeletal structure of frog
1. Suprascapula 2. Scapula 3. Humerus 4. Radioulna 5. Vertebrae 6. Ilium 7. Urostyle 8. Femur 9. Tibiofibula
42
External structure of a frog
1. Eyelids 2. Nostrils 3. Tympanic membrane 4. Cloacal opening
43
Internal structures of a frog
1. Heart 2. Lungs 3. Liver 4. Gallbladder 5. Pancreas 6. Spleen 7. Stomach 8. Small intestine 9. Large intestine 10. Ovaries 11. Oviducts 12. Kidney 13. Fat bodies
44
Function of the heart
Pump blood throughout the body via blood vessels
45
Function of the lungs
primary organs of respiration
46
Function of gallbladder
Store bile produced in the liver
47
Function of pancreas
Produce digestive compounds & secrete them into small intestine
48
Function of small intestine
Completion of food digestion
49
Function of large intestine
Absorption of water, ions, and some vitamins from digestive waste
50
Function of fat bodies
Store lipids for use when food is scarce
51
Function of ovaries
Produce eggs for reproduction
52
Function of oviducts
Transport eggs from ovaries
53
Function of testes
Produce sperm for reproduction
54
Characteristics of class Reptilia
1. Dry skin covered with keratinized scales (helps body retain water) 2. Respiration via lungs 3. 3 chambered heart (except crocodiles) 4. Internal fertilization 5. Mostly oviparous; have amniotic eggs covered by calcareous or leathery shells 6. 2 pairs of legs (if present); usually 5 digits each
55
Body system of class Reptilia
1. Complete digestive system 2. Closed circulatory system 3. Excretory system: kidneys 4. Dioecious; mostly reproduces sexually
56
What are the three types of amniote skulls and what class/order belongs to which?
1. Anapsid = no holes **Order Testudines (turtles) 2. Synapsid = one hole **Class Mammalia 3. Diapsid = 2 holes **Class Aves and all reptiles
57
Characteristics of order Testudines
1. Has a bony shell 2. Jaws without teeth; beak like mouth 3. Vertebrae and ribs fused to shell 4. Neck usually retractable 5. Eyes with moveable eyelids **turtles, tortoises
58
Structures of a turtle
1. Carapace (top half of shell) 2. Plastron (bottom half of shell; belly) 3. Trachea 4. Esophagus 5. Liver 6. Gallbladder 7. Heart 8. Lungs 9. Stomach 10. Pancreas 11. Small intestine 12. Large intestine 13. Urinary bladder 14. Cloaca 15. Ovaries (females) 16. Testes (males)
59
Characteristics of order Squamata
1. Most lizards have legs, a few do not 2. Lizards have moveable eyelids and external ears (snakes lack both) 3. Males have paired copulatory organs (hemipenes) 4. Some species are viviparous; most are oviparous **Lizards and snakes
60
Structures of a snake
1. Trachea 2. Esophagus 3. Heart 4. Right lung 5. Liver 6. Gallbladder 7. Stomach 8. Intestine 9. Kidney 10. Cloaca
61
Characteristics of order Crocodilia
1. Skull elongated and massive 2. 4 chambered heart 3. Forelimbs usually with 5 digits; hind limbs with 4 digits
62
Characteristics of class Aves
1. Forelimbs adapted for flight (wings and flight feathers) 2. Light, hollow bones 3. Keeled sternum (attachment for flight muscles) 4. Internal fertilization; most females have a left ovary and left oviduct only 5. 4 chambered heart 6. Oviparous; eggs with hard external calcareous shell
63
Body system of class Aves
1. Complete digestive system 2. Closed circulatory system 3. Kidneys = excretory 4. Dioecious; sexual reproduction
64
Pigeon skeletal structures
1. Cranium 2. Dentary (anterior part of mandible) 3. Cervical vertebrae 4. Coracoid 5. Furcula 6. Sternum 7. Keel of sternum 8. Scapula 9. Ribs 10. Humerus 11. Ulna 12. Radius 13. Synsacrum 14. Femur 15. Tibiotarsus 16. Pygostyle 17. Phalanges
65
Body structures of a bird
1. Crop 2. Esophagus 3. Trachea 4. Uropygial gland 5. Cloacal opening 6. Gizzard 7. Heart 8. Intestine 9. Liver 10. Lung 11. Pancreas 12. Proventriculus 13. Kidney 14. Testis
66
Function of trachea
Move air to and from the lungs for respiration
67
Function of esophagus
Move swallowed food from mouth to crop
68
Function of proventriculus
Mix food with enzymes to begin chemical digestion of food
69
Function of gizzard
Muscular pouch that mechanically churns and breaks up food items
70
Function of uropygial gland
Secrete oil to coat feathers and make them waterproof
71
Identify feather parts
1. Shaft --Calamus (quill) --Rachis 2. Vane
72
Characteristics of class Mammalia
1. Mammary glands 2. Endothermic 3. 4-chambered heart 4. Internal fertilization 5. 3 middle ear bones 6. Non-nucleated red blood cells 7. Most have heterodont teeth 8. Mandibles is formed by a fused pair of single dentary bones 9. All have hair at some stage in their life
73
Body system of class Mammalia
1. Completed digestive system 2. Closed circulatory system 3. Kidneys are excretory organ 4. Dioecious and sexual reproduction (mostly viviparous)
74
Characteristics of subclass Prototheria
1. Oviparous 2. Lack nipples (mammary glands instead) **Platypus, echnidas, or spiny anteaters
75
Characteristics of subclass Theria
1. Viviparous (give birth to live young) 2. Includes all marsupial and placental mammals
76
Characteristics of infraclass Metatheria
1. Embryos spend little time developing inside mother's uterus 2. Young mostly develop outside the uterus within an abdominal pouch 3. Nipples inside pouch **Opossums, kangaroos, koalas
77
Characteristics of infraclass Eutheria
1. Developing young are attached to mother by placenta within uterus 2. Nipples present **rodents, whales, bats, elephants, cats, dogs, humans, etc.
78
Characteristics of order Lagomorpha
1. Herbivorous with long incisors for snipping vegetation 2. All permanent teeth grow continuously throughout life **rabbits, hares, pika
79
Characteristics of order Rodentia
1. Sharp incisors grow continually throughout life 2. Largest mammalian
80
Characteristics of order Carnivora
1. Most are carnivorous 2. Heterdont teeth are adapted for killing other animals and consuming flesh
81
Characteristics of order Chiroptera
1. Forelimbs modified into wings 2. Diet: fruit, blood, arthropods, nectar
82
What are the three types of teeth?
1. Incisors: snipping or biting 2. Canines: piercing 3. Premolars & molars: shearing, slicing, or grinding
83
List the diets and distinguish the teeth used for each type
1. Carnivores: sharp canines 2. Herbivores: flat molars 3. Omnivores: long canines and flat molars 4. Insectivores: pointed molars
84
Difference between predator and prey eye sockets
1. Predator: eyes face forward on a skull 2. Prey: eyes located on the side of head
85
Skeletal structures of cat
1. Skull 2. Mandible 3. Atlas 4. Axis 5. Scapula 6. Humerus 7. Radius 8. Ulna 9. Ribs 10. Vertebrae 11. Os coxa (hip) 12. Femur 13. Tibia 14. Fibula
86
Head region of a pig
1. Snout 2. External nares (nostrils) 3. Whiskers 4. Ears
87
Trunk region of a pig
1. Nipples 2. Umbilical cord 3. Urogenital opening 4. Anus 5. Genital papilla (females) 6. Scrotum (males)
88
Function of whiskers
Touch reception provides sensory data for spatial orientation
89
Function of thyroid
Production of certain hormones
90
Function of diaphragm
Pull air into the lungs
91
Function of cecum
House bacteria that break down cellulose in plant material
92
Function of spiral colon
Absorption of water and electrolytes
93
Function of the ureters
Move urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
94
Function of the urinary bladder
Temporary storage of urine before it is eliminated from the body
95
Function of the uterus
Embryonic development of fetuses
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