BIO TEST 4 - LECTURE 3 STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

55. After NADH is produced from the process of glycolysis, which statement does not describe how can it be used within the cell?

Answer 1

Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation → Acetaldehyde, Lactic Acid & Ethanol

Question 2

56. Once glycolysis is complete, the first step within the first process of aerobic respiration is the oxidation of pyruvate. Where in the mitochondria does this process take place?

Answer 2

the intermembrane space

(in between outer membrane and matrix membrane)

Question 3

57. Once glycolysis is complete, the first step within the first process of aerobic respiration is the oxidation of pyruvate. What is the equation of this process?

Answer 3

Pyruvate + NAD+ +CoA → Acetyl - CoA + NADH

Question 4

58. After pyruvate oxidation is complete, acetyl Co-A is produced. Which statement describes a way acetyl-CoA can be used within your body?

Answer 4

energy storage and the krebs cycle

Question 5

59. After pyruvate oxidation is complete, acetyl Co-A is produced. Acetyl Co-A can then be used within your cells in two main ways. ________________ takes place if the ATP level is high within the cell and _______________ takes place if the ATP level is low within your cell. Fill in the blanks.

Answer 5

1. Energy/Fat Storage
2. Krebs Cycle

Question 6

60. Where within the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle (the citric acid cycle) take place?

Answer 6

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 7

61. Which statement describes any steps, reactants, or products of segment A of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 7

Acetyl-CoA is bonded with a 4-carbon molecule and a six-carbon molecule, citrate

Question 8

62. Which statement describes any steps, reactants, or products of segment B of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 8

A six-carbon molecule is decarboxylated to form C02

(carbon dioxide)

Question 9

63. Which statement describes any steps, reactants, or products of segment C of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 9

A 4-carbon molecule is oxidized to add hydrogen to create FADH2

Question 10

64. Where within the mitochondria does the ETC (electron transport chain) take place?

Answer 10

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 11

65. What is the proper order of the enzymes and carriers used within the electron transport chain?

Answer 11

NADH Dehydrogenase → Ubiquinone (Q) → BC1 Complex → Cytochrome c → Cytochrome Oxidase

Question 12

66. The electron transport chain is an area the accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of NADH dehydrogenase within the ETC?

Answer 12

removes its hydrogen and becomes NAD+

Hydrogen will go to an area and drive a gradient that eventually powers the pump

energy is being released because the bond breaks

Question 13

67. The electron transport chain is an area the accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of Ubiquinone (Q) within the ETC?

Answer 13

carrier that passes the electrons along the electron chain

transferring electrons as they’re simultaneously being created from broken bonds

Question 14

68. The electron transport chain is an area the accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of the BC1 complex within the ETC?

Answer 14

ACTIVELY PUMPS A TON A OF HYDROGENS
PROTON PUMP

Question 15

69. The electron transport chain is an area the accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of Cytochrome c within the ETC?

Answer 15

Another carrier that moves electrons along the chain

Question 16

70. The electron transport chain is an area the accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of Cytochrome oxidase within the ETC?

Answer 16

it’ll take any leftover hydrogens you have to form water

ALLOWS: a high concentration gradient in the intermembrane space.

Question 17

71. Which statement accurately describes how the ATP is produced at the end of the ETC (know ALL information we discussed about the proton gradient and how it works)?

Answer 17

The hydrogen comes in through the pump, being turned like a turbine, to create ATP

Question 18

72. What occurs during the process of chemiosmosis?

Answer 18

Producing ATP

Question 19

73. The electron transport chain is an area the accepts the electrons transferred within the mitochondria that consist of a series of membrane-associated proteins. What is the function of ATP synthase within the ETC?

Answer 19

Enzyme used to create ATP. Powered by the concentration gradient. Means you are synthesizing ATP.

Question 20

74. Which statement does not describe a step of the electrons transport chain (ETC)?

Answer 20

1. Electrons harvested and carried to the transport System
2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane

3.Oxygen joins with protons to form water

4. Protons diffuse back down their concentration Gradient driving this synthesis of ATP

Question 21

75. What is the theoretical and actual yield of ATP produced by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes?

Answer 21

36 and 30

Question 22

76. Why is the actual yield of ATP produced during aerobic respiration less than the theoretical yield which should occur? (know the two reasons we discussed in class)

Answer 22

leaking in the inner mitochondrial matrix and all the hydrogens travel through the synthase

go from high to low concentration (proton gradient)

Question 23

77. Due to varying reasonings discussed in class, aerobic respiration only uses ___________ (percent) of energy within one original glucose molecule. Fill in the blank.

Answer 23

32%

Question 24

78. Aerobic respiration has different control points along its enzymatic pathway to not allow it to continue unless needed. One of the first control points occurs during glycolysis using the enzyme called phosphofructokinase. What things occurring in your cell can turn this enzymes on and off? (know all the conditions we discussed in class)

Answer 24

High levels of ADP → process turns on (means you want to create ATP)
High ATP present → this will stay off (can only hold so much)

Question 25

79. Aerobic respiration has different control point along its enzymatic pathway to not allow it to continue unless needed. The second control point occurs right before the Krebs cycle begins using the enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase. What things occurring in your cell can turn this enzymes on and off? (know all the conditions we discussed in class)

Answer 25

**Low levels of Citrate →cycle will begin** **High levels of Citrate → cycle won’t begin** **High NADH → turn off (no reason to produce anymore)** **Low levels of NADH → turns on (you probably need the energy)**

Question 26

80. Aerobic respiration has different control points along its enzymatic pathway to not allow it to continue unless needed. The third control point occurs at the beginning of the Krebs cycle using the enzyme called citrate synthase. What things occurring in your cell can turn this enzymes on and off? (know all the conditions we discussed in class)

Answer 26

High levels of ATP → turn off (not need to create process) Low levels of ATP → turn on to create ATP