bioenergetics

Question 1

aerobe

Answer 1

organism that grows or metabolizes only in the presences of oxygen

Question 2

anaerobe

Answer 2

organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen

Question 3

facultative anaerobe

Answer 3

organism capable of carrying out aerobic respiration but switching to fermentation in the absence of oxygen

Question 4

cellular respiration

Answer 4

the process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox reactions

Question 5

what kind of respiration is it when oxygen is the acceptor molecule of electrons

Answer 5

aerobic respiration

Question 6

anaerobic respiration

Answer 6

when the inorganic molecule is in the absence of oxygen

Question 7

what is reduced in aerobic respiration

Answer 7

oxygen

Question 8

what does cristae allow

Answer 8

rapid breakdown of glucose for ATP

Question 9

4 stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 9

glycolysis
formation of acetyl CoA
krebs cycle
ETC/Chemiosmosis

Question 10

what is the result of glycolysis

Answer 10

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 11

what is different about glycolysis

Answer 11

needs energy investment and ATP phosphorylates glucose in a endergonic reaction

Question 12

what happens to pyruvate in formation of acetyl CoA

Answer 12

A carbon atom is removed and forms CO2
and acetyl CoA is produced

Question 13

what is the formation of acetyl CoA catalyzed by

Answer 13

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 14

what is produced in formation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 14

2 NADH

Question 15

what fuels the Kreb cycle

Answer 15

acetyl CoA

Question 16

in the Kreb cycle what forms the NADH

Answer 16

isocitrate is oxidized
a-ketoglurate is oxidized
malate is oxidized

Question 17

where does the Kreb cycle occur

Answer 17

mitochondria

Question 18

how is the FADH2 created in the kreb cycle

Answer 18

when succinate is oxidized

Question 19

products of kreb cycle per glucose molecule

Answer 19

2 ATP. 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 20

how is ATP formed in kreb cycle

Answer 20

when succinyl CoA is broken down into fumarate

Question 21

where is the ETC

Answer 21

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 22

ETC

Answer 22

a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions with the release of energy

Question 23

how is the H gradient greated

Answer 23

as the redox reaction occurs, th electron carrier use some of the energy released as the electrons pass down the ETC to actively transport the proton from one side to the other of the inner membrane

Question 24

why is the H gradient important

Answer 24

it produces water when the H reacts with electrons and oxygen
uses the energy of the gradient to phosphorylate ADP

Question 25

chemiosmosis

Answer 25

the production od ATP using energy from the proton gradient

Question 26

what kind of reaction is the diffusion of the protons down their gradient through the ATP synthase complex

Answer 26

exergonic

Question 27

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 27

the exergonic reaction that drives the endergonic reaction at which ATP is produced

Question 28

how much ATP can be yielded from aerobic respiration

Answer 28

36-38 ATPs

Question 29

fermentation

Answer 29

an ATP generating process in which organic compounds act as both donors and acceptors of electrons

Question 30

what keeps glycolysis going in fermentation

Answer 30

NADH molecules transfer hydrogen molecules transfer their hydrogen atoms to organic molecules thus regenerating of the NAD+ enables the cells to keep going

Question 31

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 31

yeasts and certain bacterias convert pyruvate produced by glycolysis to CO2 and ethanol

Question 32

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 32

some fungi and bacteria lactic acid rather then alcohol is produced wen NADH from glycolysis is oxidized used for dairy industry human muscles can use when oxygen is scarce

Question 33

functions of fermentation

Answer 33

inefficient way to use fuel allows to survive without oxygen removes toxic excess MADH in the cytosol replenishes supply of NAD

Question 34

autotrophs

Answer 34

carry out carbon fixation using CO2

Question 35

heterotrophs

Answer 35

unable to synthesize its own organic carbon based compounds from inorganic sources use other organisms

Question 36

phototrophs

Answer 36

use light as energy source

Question 37

chemotrophs

Answer 37

organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of reduced compounds in their environment

Question 38

photoautotrophs

Answer 38

plants, alagae, bacteria

Question 39

photosynthesis

Answer 39

the process by which photoautotrophs use light energy to make sugars from CO2 and water

Question 40

light reactions

Answer 40

light driven production of ATP and NADPH

Question 41

carbon fixation

Answer 41

the conversion of CO2 to carbohydrates

Question 42

where are chloroplasts located

Answer 42

in mesophyll cells

Question 43

what wavelengths do plants absorb

Answer 43

blue and red

Question 44

what powers the calvin cycle

Answer 44

solar energy absorption and conversion to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

Question 45

chlorophyll a

Answer 45

initiates the light dependent reaction as primary electron donor in the ETC and also transferring resonance energy

Question 46

chlorophyll b

Answer 46

extends the absorption spectrum and acts as an accessory pigment also participating in light absorption

Question 47

what happens when an excited pigment returns to ground state

Answer 47

passes its electron to a neighboring receptor molecule

Question 48

photosystmes

Answer 48

light harvesting unit of chloroplasts thylakoid membrane, contains reaction center and antenna

Question 49

reaction center

Answer 49

complex of chlorophyll molecules and proteins, including primary electron acceptor

Question 50

antenna complex

Answer 50

chlorophyll binding proteins and and organized into units

Question 51

where does the calvin cycle occur

Answer 51

the stroma

Question 52

what does the carbon cycle use

Answer 52

the C of CO2, ATP and NADPH

Question 53

what catalyzes carbon fixation

Answer 53

rubisco

Question 54

three steps of calvin cycle

Answer 54

carbon fixation energy consumption and carbon reduction RuBP regeneration

Question 55

what are the products of the calvin cycle

Answer 55

G3P