Cannon’s fight or flight
SAM response, adrenal medulla, NE & epi
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
HPA, hypothalamus, CRH, ACTH, cotisol
Stress and trauma are heart risks
stress is more predictive of CVD than cholesterol
- all kinds of stress (work, marital, financial)
Relaxation protects the heart
both leading up to and during disease, less stress leads to less adverse CVD affects
Biofeedback
group of therapeutic procedures that…
- electronic/electromechanical instruments
- accurately measure, process, and feedback to patient/therapist
- information with educational and reinforcing properties
- information about neuromuscular and autonomic activity (both normal and abnormal)
- form analog of bionary, auditory, and/or visual feedbacks
Biofeedback best achieved with….
- experienced professional
- develop greater awareness/confidence about something that is otherwise involuntary
- controlling the external signal
- using cognition, sensation, or other cues to prevent, stop, or reduce symptoms
7 levels of facets of presentation
- Signal presentation
- Explanation of signal
- Explanation of signal in relation to physiology
- Explanation of signal in relation to symptoms
- Therapists suggestions
- Information to therapist
- Informing patients of their successes
Biofeedback models
Physiological changes result in changes in symptoms
Cognitive changes result in changes in symptoms
Placebo results in changes in symptoms
Freeforward process results in changes in symptoms
Heart Rate Variability
measure of autonomic nervous system that assesses sympathetic and parasympathetic responses by recording inter-beat intervals
- shown to predict health risks –> CV related
- influenced by heart beat and breathing patterns
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic balance
- frequency of 0.04-0.15 Hz
Low frequency
Parasympathetic activation
decreases HR, BP, promotes GI activity
- frequency of 0.15-0.4 Hz
High frequency
Robust HRV
balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
- high sympathetic activity = decreased cardiac reserve
High HRV
youth, aerobic fitness, exercise tolerant, better cognitive functioning
Low HRV
Aging, heart failure, MI, Depression, anxiety, stress
Sympathetic activation
-0.005-0.05 Hz
Very low frequency
