Biological Diversity & Phylogeny

Question 1

Domains Before vs. Domains Now

Answer 1

For a long time, all single-celled prokaryotes were thought to belong to one kingdom (Monera), and all single-celled eukaryotes to another (Protista).

Now there are three domains

Question 2

3 Domains

Answer 2

Bacteria

Eukarya

Archaea

Question 3

Domain Bacteria

Answer 3

Single-celled organisms without nuclei and organelles surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall

Question 4

Domain Eukarya

Answer 4

Single or multi-celled organisms with nuclei and organelles

Question 5

Domain Archaea

Answer 5

Single-celled organisms with nuclei and organelles, but without peptidoglycan cell wall, and with DNA transcription/translation mechanisms that resemble eukaryotes (plus other chemical characteristics that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes)

Found in extreme environments

Question 6

What defines a Plant

Answer 6

Cellulose cell walls
Chlorophylls a and b as the main light harvesting pigments
Plastids that conduct photosynthesis and store starch
Multicellularity
Specialized reproductive organs
Adaptations to live on land (roots and root-like structures)

Question 7

Green Algae

Answer 7

Includes Charophyta, Chlorophyta, and Prasinodermophyta are informally called green algae

Complex photosynthetic organisms, mostly asexual, either free-living or symbiotic

Question 8

Charophyta

Answer 8

Stoneworts

Complext fresh water green algae, often found covered with calcium carbonate encrustations

Question 9

Adaptations of Land Plants

Answer 9

Waxy Cutice
Stomata
Roots or root-like structures

Multicellular protective gametangia (gamete bearing structures) and sporangia (spore bearing structures)

Multicellular embryos that develop within plant tissues

Question 10

Gametangia

Answer 10

gamete bearing structures that are a adaptation of land plants (Embryophyta or Plantae)

Question 11

Sporangia

Answer 11

Spore bearing structures and adaptations of land plants (Embryophyta or Plantae)

Question 12

Traits of Non-Vascular Plants

Answer 12

No xylem, phloem, or cambium

No true roots (but primitive rhizoids)

Must stay hydrated and close to a water source (unless dormant)

Question 13

Marchantiophyta

Answer 13

aka Liverworts

Grow in a prostrate form (against the ground), and about 80% look leafy while 20% are thalloid

Question 14

Anthocerophyta

Answer 14

Hornworts

Gametophyte resembles a filmy liverwort, while the sporophyte is a rod

Have true stomata, unlike liverworts and most mossess

Pores and cavities are filled with mucilage where n-fixing bacteria live

Question 15

Bryophyta Ecology

Answer 15

Often among the first spp to establish in an ecosystem and contribute to soil formation

Peat mosses reshape the hydrology of entire ecosystems and store and incredible amount of carbon worldwide

Question 16

Bryophyta Structure

Answer 16

stem-like central axis without xylem/phloem but with hyroids and leptoids that can do a form of transport

“Leaves” are single cell thick, and many peat mosses contain water storage cells

Question 17

Two Major Groups of Seedless Vascular Plants

Answer 17

Lycophytes (clubmosses and quillworts)

Ferns (and horsetails)

Question 18

Homosporous vs. Heterosporous

Answer 18

Homosprous = lycophytes having one kind of spore that developesinto a bisexual gametophyte

Heterosporous = lycophytes having two kinds of spores (megaspores or microspores) that develop into female and male gametophytes

Question 19

How are ferns similar to lycophytes?

Answer 19

have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
tend to be rhizomatous
reproduce with spores
have free-living gametophytes and sporophytes

Question 20

How are ferns different from lycophytes?

Answer 20

ferns can have large, complex leaves (fronds) and can have multiple branched leaf veins

Question 21

Polypodiophyta

Answer 21

Ferns

Question 22

Leptosporangiate Ferns Structure

Answer 22

Fern leaves (megaphylls or fronds) are divided into smaller segments called pinnae

Usually contain clusters of sporangia (sori)

Most are homosporous (only make one kind of spore)

Germinate into thin, usually bisexual heart-shaped gametophyte prothalli

Question 23

Spermatophyta

Answer 23

Plants that have true seeds comprising an embryo surrounded by a protective coat and storage tissue

Comprises two lineages, the angiosperms and the gymnosperms, that diverged 350 mya

Question 24

4 Groups of Gymnosperms

Answer 24

Conifers
Gnetales
Ginkgo biloba
cycads

Question 25

Gnetales

Answer 25

Gymnosperms that are an unusual and diverse group united by specific reproductive features and have vessel elements

Question 26

Cycads

Answer 26

Slow-growing gymnosperms with short, woody trunk, a crown of stiff, feather-shapped leaves, and large strobili Superficially resemble ferns and palm trees

Question 27

Two Clades of Gymnosperms

Answer 27

One contains cycads and ginko The other contains conifers, with Gnetales nested within that

Question 28

Rosids

Answer 28

Have few unifying morphological characteristics but are very diverse and have come to be quite dominant in broadleaf forests Many species associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Includes aspen, willow, beans, peas, peanuts, rose, apple, elm, strawberry, squash, many angiosperm trees, mango, mustards, and chocolate

Question 29

Asterids

Answer 29

Eudicots with fused petals often specialized for insect pollination that have reduced stamens Includes coffee, mint and herbsm potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, lettuce and sunflowers, carrots, etc